Use Of Bone Marrow Transplants Health And Social Care Essay

The bone marrow is a sponge-like tissue found in the centre of certain castanetss that contains root cells that are the precursors of ruddy blood cells ( red blood cells ) that carry O to the tissues in the organic structure, white blood cells ( leucocytes ) that aid battle infections and to assistance in the immune system and thrombocytes which help with blood curdling. Each of these cells plays a important function in the organic structure by keeping normal physiological map. The bone marrow is a critical portion of the human organic structure. A bone marrow graft is when particular cells ( called root cells ) that are usually found in the bone marrow are taken out, filtered, and given back either to the same individual or to another individual. It involves pull outing bone marrow incorporating normal root cells or peripheral root cells from a healthy giver, and reassigning it to a receiver whose organic structure can non fabricate proper measures of normal blood cells. Infusion of haematopoietic root cells from oneself or another individual normally follows high dose chemotherapy and/or irradiation. The end of the graft is to reconstruct the receiver ‘s blood cells and immune system and hopefully bring around the implicit in disease In patients with leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, and some immune lack diseases, the root cells in the bone marrow have malfunction, bring forthing an inordinate figure of faulty or immature blood cells as in the instance of leukaemia or low blood cell counts in the instance of aplastic anaemia. The immature or faulty blood cells interfere with the production of normal blood cells, accumulate in the blood stream and may occupy other tissues so bone marrow graft enables the doctors to handle these diseases with aggressive chemotherapy and/or radiation by leting replacing of the morbid or damaged bone marrow after the chemotherapy/radiation intervention. While bone marrow grafts do non supply 100 per centum confidence that the disease will non repeat, a graft can increase the likeliness of a remedy or at least prolong the period of disease-free endurance for many patients. Bone marrow organ transplant is an effectual intervention for a assortment of haematological tumors, furnace lining lymphoma, and some solid tumours. An increasing figure of bone marrow grafts are performed every twelvemonth. The therapy has been used to rectify a assortment of marrow failure provinces, congenital mistakes of metamorphosis, immune lacks, haematological malignances, and even solid tumours. The first successful grafts were performed with root cells derived from the marrow of indistinguishable twins ( syngeneic organ transplant ) ; nevertheless, application of organ transplant therapy broadened with the usage of root cells obtained from either related or unrelated givers ( allogeneic organ transplant ) appropriately matched at the human leucocyte antigens ( HLA ) , or even with a patient ‘s ain root cells ( autologous organ transplant. Deciding on type of BMT depends on type and phase of disease, handiness of root cells, age, public presentation position and the c linical status of patient Bone marrow organ transplant is required in the sense that is to remedies many diseases and malignant neoplastic diseases. When a kid ‘s bone marrow has been damaged or destroyed due to a disease or intense interventions of radiation or chemotherapy for malignant neoplastic disease, a marrow graft may be needed to rectify the abnormalcy. It is besides required to replace morbid, non-functioning bone marrow with healthy working bone marrow ( for conditions such as leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, and reaping hook cell anaemia ) . It is besides indispensable to replace the bone marrow and reconstruct its normal map after high doses of chemotherapy or radiation are given to handle a malignance in a procedure called â€Å" deliverance † which is usually used for diseases such as lymphoma, neuroblastoma, and chest malignant neoplastic disease. The procedure is besides of import in the replacing of bone marrow with genetically healthy working bone marrow to forestall farther harm from a familial disease procedure. Literature reappraisal Bone marrow organ transplant ( BMT ) or haematopoietic root cell organ transplant ( HSCT ) is a medical process in the field of haematology and oncology that involves organ transplant of haematopoietic root cells ( HSC ) .It is most frequently performed for people with diseases of the blood or bone marrow, or certain types of malignant neoplastic disease. Transplant of either allogenic or autologous bone marrow has become an progressively applied and successful therapy for patients with haematological malignances and certain solid tumours. BMT is an illustration of a extremely proficient therapy that offers hope to patients with bone marrow failure or assorted malignances. Bone marrow organ transplant is much more dearly-won â€Å" up-front † but possibly non more dearly-won long-run than alternate therapies. Over the past 40 old ages, bone marrow organ transplant and haematopoietic root cell organ transplant have been used with increasing frequence to handle legion malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Post-World War II â€Å" Cold War † frights of atomic warfare stimulated involvement in the effects of radiation on the human organic structure. Early surveies with animate beings has shown that bone marrow was the organ most sensitive to the detrimental effects of radiation and for that ground the reinfusion of marrow cells was used to deliver lethally irradiated animate beings. In one survey done in 1950s, patients were given deadly doses of radiation to handle leukaemia and many had haematological recovery following this intervention, but finally all patients succumbed to get worse of their malignances or to infections. In the 1950s and 1960s, about 200 allogeneic marrow grafts were performed in worlds, with no long-run successes. However, during this clip, organ transplant utiliz ing indistinguishable twin givers has brought a just sum of success and provided a important foundation to go on clinical research in the field. Hematopoietic root cell organ transplant remains a hazardous process with many possible complications ; it has traditionally been reserved for patients with dangerous diseases. While on occasion used by experimentation in nonmalignant and nonhematologic indicants such as terrible disenabling auto-immune disease and cardiovascular, the hazard of fatal complications appears excessively high to derive wider credence. Although economic analyses appear comparatively simple, reading and usage can be debatable. Several economic analyses have identified complications that occur often and impact the reported cost-effectiveness of high-dose chemotherapy. Attempts to cut down the cost of bone marrow organ transplant have focused on new schemes to more efficaciously command these complications. The debut of new engineerings to rush engraftment, to better patient choice methods, and the shifting of attention to outpatient scenes all have resulted in important decreases in continuance of infirmary stay, treatment-related mortality, and costs. More surveies of long-run results are needed for graft and non graft intervention options to steer present and future applications of this intervention option. Expanded indicants for graft continue to be explored. Preliminary information suggest a possible function for graft in the intervention of autoimmune diseases such as lupus, multiple induration, systemic induration, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In add-on, in utero graft holds promise for early rectification of familial disease, with some success already demonstrated with the immunodeficiency syndromes. The accent of current research is chiefly directed at diminishing toxicity and GVHD while increasing the pool of possible givers by developing techniques to traverse the traditional HLA histocompatability barriers more successfully. Grafts are performed with increasing grades of mismatch. With the promotions in techniques, indicants, and supportive therapy, the graft of haematopoietic root cells continues to be an forward field in the intervention of human disease. Once a disease procedure has been identified and graft is considered as a possible therapy, an appropriate giver must be identified. The best possible lucifer consequences in the least complications. For allogeneic grafts, HLA histocompatability typewriting is performed for immediate household members ab initio utilizing serologic typewriting. Fully matched household members provide the most compatible lucifers because they frequently portion minor HLA antigens non normally included in proving. Before undergoing BMT, patients should undergo a series of trials and processs for testing and readying based on the patient ‘s disease procedure and medical history. There is besides pre-transplant instruction where graft squad and the patient meet to discourse the consequences of the testing, intervention options and the intervention program. Transplant conditioning is the done with the chief purpose of destructing unnatural cells or malignant neoplastic disease cells throughout the pa tient ‘s organic structure utilizing conditioning regimen which consist of chemotherapy, radiation therapy or both. The crop processs for autologous or allogeneic BMT are similar and are depended on the undermentioned factors: The patient ‘s physical status, donor handiness and insurance blessing. The BMT process involves three stages. In the first stage, enduring 5 to 14 yearss, the bone marrow receiver is prepared for the transplant and immunosuppressive and cytotoxic chemotherapy are administered and irradiation is used to enable the receiver to accept the transplant, to forestall transplant rejection, and in instances of acute leukaemia to extinguish residuary leukaemia. In the 2nd stage, bone marrow is from the giver is intravenously administered to the transplant receiver. Donors and receivers of bone marrow grafts must hold HLA compatability. The 3rd stage involves a period of waiting for the bone marrow to ingraft and work usually in the receiver. During the clip required for engraftment, the transplant receiver is vulnerable to infection, hemorrhage, terrible weight loss, rejection of the transplant, and graft-versus-host disease ( GvHD ) . Some of the posttransplant intervention typically includes cyclosporin A and perchance other chemotherapies to either prevent or dainty transplant versus-host disease ( GVHD ) . The results of the therapy depend on many factors such as: Improvements in supportive attention, antibiotic regimens, and DNA-HLA is associated with favourable result. The patient ‘s province of wellness or stable disease or disease in remittal is associated with better results than those transplanted during a ulterior disease stage or with relapsed disease. Young age at clip of graft and besides CMV-negative position of receiver and giver enhance the likeliness of endurance. The sum of haematopoietic cell dose given at clip of graft may besides rush engraftment and better result though it has an increased hazard of GVHD. Bone marrow organ transplant is one of legion new medical engineerings that have raised complex legal and ethical issues. Laws refering to medical progresss have been passed in response to the demand to decide struggles in judicial sentiments instead than expectancy of those issues which impinge on single autonomies. Some of the legal and ethical issues are malpractice claims, proving prospective givers for AIDS, sale of bone marrow, informed consent for both giver and receiver, and inquiries that arise when the giver is a kid. Pre-counseling is done to the patient prior to any intercession since information helps the patients in the undermentioned ways: To build positive attitudes in relation to the disease, enables a better response to the state of affairs, facilitates patient ‘s effectual engagement in the determination devising procedure and future programs and besides plays a important or cardinal function in wellness. Furthermore, the patients have a legal right to be inf ormed about their disease. Decision: The bone marrow is a critical portion of the human organic structure. Bone marrow organ transplant is an effectual intervention for a assortment of haematological tumors, furnace lining lymphoma, and some solid tumours. The most of import cell needed for successful organ transplant is the haematopoietic root cell whose major beginnings are bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. These can be obtained from assorted givers as either autologous or allogeneic. Deciding on type of BMT depends on type and phase of disease, handiness of root cells, age, public presentation position and the clinical status of patient. The procedure is besides of import in the replacing of bone marrow with genetically healthy working bone marrow to forestall farther harm from a familial disease process.. BMT is an illustration of a extremely proficient therapy that offers hope to patients with bone marrow failure or assorted malignances. Bone marrow organ transplant is much more dearly-won â€Å" up-f ront † but possibly non more dearly-won long-run than alternate therapies. Hematopoietic root cell organ transplant remains a hazardous process with many possible complications ; it has traditionally been reserved for patients with dangerous diseases. The accent of current research is chiefly directed at diminishing toxicity and GVHD while increasing the pool of possible givers by developing techniques to traverse the traditional HLA histocompatability barriers more successfully. With the promotions in techniques, indicants, and supportive therapy, the graft of haematopoietic root cells continues to be an forward field in the intervention of human disease. With the promotions in techniques, indicants, and supportive therapy, the graft of haematopoietic root cells continues to be an forward field in the intervention of human disease. Mentions Frick, E. , Motzke, C. , Fischer, N. , Busch, R. , & A ; Bumeder, I. ( 2005 ) . Is perceived societal support a forecaster of endurance for patients undergoing autologous peripheral blood root cell organ transplant? Psycho-Oncology, 14, 759-770. Holland, J. & A ; Alici, Y. ( 2010 ) . Management of hurt in malignant neoplastic disease patients. Journal of Supportive Oncology, 8 ( 1 ) , 4-12. Jacobsen, P. ( 2009 ) . Promoting evidence-based psychosocial attention for malignant neoplastic disease patients. Psychooncology, 18, 6-13. Jacobsen, P. & A ; Jim, H. ( 2008 ) . Psychosocial intercessions for anxiousness and depression in grownup malignant neoplastic disease patients: accomplishments and challenges. A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 58, 214-230.A NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncologya„? Distress Management ( Version 1.2010 ) . A © 2009 National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. Available at: NCCN.org. Accessed [ Febuary 3, 2010 ] . Ranson, S. , Jacobsen, P. , & A ; Booth-Jones, M. ( 2006 ) . Validation of the hurt thermometer with bone marrow graft patients. Psycho-Oncology, 15, 604-612. Wells, K. , Booth-Jones, M. , & A ; Jacobsen, P. ( 2009 ) . Do get bying and societal support predict depression and anxiousness in patients undergoing hematopoitic root cell organ transplant? Jouranl of Psychosocial Oncology, 27, 297- 315. Williams, S. & A ; Dale, J. ( 2006 ) . The effectivity of intervention for depression/depressive symptoms in grownups with malignant neoplastic disease: a systematic reappraisal. British Journal of Cancer, 94, 372-390.A The usage of allogeneic haematopoietic cell organ transplant ( HCT ) has increased as new techniques have been developed for organ transplant in patients who antecedently would non hold been considered HCT campaigners. However, its efficaciousness continued to be limited by the development of frequent and terrible ague GVHD. The complex and intricate pathophysiology of acute GVHD is a effect of interactions between the giver and host innate and adaptative immune responses. Multiple inflammatory molecules and cell types are implicated in the development of GVHD that can be categorized as: ( 1 ) triggers that initiate GVHD by therapy-induced tissue harm and the antigen disparities between host and transplant tissue ; ( 2 ) detectors that detect the triggers, that is, procedure and present alloantigens ; ( 3 ) go-betweens such as T-cell subsets ( naif, memory, regulative, Th17 and natural slayer T cells ) and ( 4 ) the effecters and amplifiers that cause harm of the mark variety meats. These multiple inflammatory molecules and cell types that are implicated in the development of GVHD have been described with theoretical accounts that use bit-by-bit Cascadess. Herein, we provide a fresh position on the immunobiology of acute GVHD and briefly discuss some of the outstanding inquiries and restrictions of the theoretical account systems. Bone Marrow Transplantation ( 2010 ) 45, 1-11 ; doi:10.1038/bmt.2009.328 ; published online 30November 2009 Fifty old ages ago, Billingham1 identified three requirements for the development of GVHD: ( 1 ) the presence ofimmunocompetent cells in the giver inoculant, ( 2 ) the inability of the receiver to reject the giver cells and ( 3 ) a histocompatibility difference between the giver and receiver. Billingham RE. The biological science of graft-versus-host reactions. Harvey Lect 1966-67 ; 62: 21-78. Some future research waies 1. Impact of type of harm ( programmed cell death V mortification of different cellular subsets ) , specific DAMPs, unfertile redness and complement system. 2. Contribution of host intestine microbiome and the giver immune position. 3. Determine GVHD antigenic repertory, place immunodominant antigens. 4. Understand the function of both professional ( DCs, macrophages ) and semi-professional ( B cells ) giver and host APC subsets, the relevancy and mechanisms of cross-presentation. 5. The mechanisms and function of donor Th distinction, regulative, memory T cell, and NK cell subsets. 6. Functions of specific effecter tracts in doing distinguishable mark organ harm. 7. Determinants of mark organ specificity, the function of mechanisms of fix and neovascularization in the badness of harm. 8. Mechanisms and effect of immunosuppression induced straight by GVHD. 9. Development of an incorporate systems attack for understanding the biological science of GVHD. Biology of ague GVHD S Paczesny et Al 7 BonePatient Education /Curative patient instruction ( TPE )a continous procedure integrated in wellness attention aˆ? patient centred aˆ? adapted to the development of unwellness and patientA?s life-stile aˆ? portion of the long-run direction of unwellness aˆ? structured and organized aˆ? benefited by appropriate pedagogic means* aˆ? multiprofessional, interdisciplinary and intersectonial. *I. Rabbone, 2007 The function of the patient is cardinal in taking attention of himself in order to lend to his conditions and be responsible of his status, and to be a squad resource â€Å" without costs † ( Rabbone I. , 2009 ) . **J. Philips, 1998 Patients have a legal right to be informed about their disease butaˆÂ ¦they assume it is non ever respected ( Visser et al. , 2009 ) . Information is a demand of patients as it allows them: – to build positive attitudes in relation to the disease, – a better response to the state of affairs and – an effectual engagement in the decission doing procedure and hereafter programs aˆ? Information besides has a cardinal function in wellness instruction plans Patient need information about: – Disease – Treatment options – Treatments results – Symptoms – Side effects – Quality of life aˆ? Information should be delivered in an synergistic manner aˆ? Information/education is necessary in all stages of the graft S Setting. Pick a private location. P Perception. Find out how the patient positions the medical state of affairs. I Invitation. Ask whether the patient wants to cognize. K Knowledge. Warn before dropping intelligence. E Empathy. Respond to the patient ‘s emotions. S Strategy/Summary. Once they know, include patients in intervention determinations * W. Baile et Al. â€Å" Out of 5 patients, merely 1 to 2 follow the instructions given by physycians. The others follow a â€Å" ain version † of the therapy and hold their thoughts sing their disease. They will ne'er squeal them. They are incorrect, but who is guilty? † J. P. Assal ( 1999 ) Literature McPherson CJ, et Al. Effective methods of giving information in malignant neoplastic disease: a systematic literature reappraisal of randomized controlled tests. J Public wellness Medecine 2001 ; 23 ( 3 ) : 227-234 aˆ? Thomas R, et Al. Anxiety and depression: consequence on patients ‘ penchants for information following a diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease. Annalss of Oncology 1998 ; 9: 141 aˆ? Lobb EA, et Al. When the safety cyberspace of intervention has been removed: Patients ‘ unmet demands at the completion of intervention for hematologic malignances. Patient Educ Couns ( 2009 ) ; Department of the Interior: 10.1016/j.pec. 2009.02.005 aˆ? Mank A, et Al. An synergistic Compact disc read-only memory to inform patients about Stem Cell Transplant. Patient Educ Couns 2008 ; 73: 121-126 aˆ? Downs S. Ethical issues in bone marrow organ transplant. Semin Oncol Nurs 1994 ; 10: 58-63 aˆ? Lee SJ, et Al. Discrepancies between patient and physician estimations for the success of root cell organ transplant. J Am Med Assoc 2001 ; 285: 1034-8 aˆ? Andrykowski MA, et Al. â€Å" Returning to normal † following bone marrow organ transplant: results, outlooks, and informed consent. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995 ; 15: 573-81 A elaborate appraisal of BMT receiver ‘s emotional, societal, and psychological wellbeing before BMT is necessary to supply optimum, holistic attention. Distress and depression should be recognized, monitored, documented and treated quickly during the BMT intervention. BMT patients need to be screened at their pre-transplant assignment, at appropriate intervals, and as clinically indicated during the BMT procedure. Distress and depression should be recognized, monitored, documented and treated quickly during the BMT procedure to guarantee positive patient results.

Canterbury tales: The Wife of Bath and the Pardoner Essay

Similarities and differences are easly spotted in a work of fiction. Alot of the time the author will make it very clear what he or she is trying to portray through their similarities and differences. In the Canterbury tales the autthor makes sure that you know that there are alot more differences than there are similarities. For example the Wife of Bath and the Pardoner, they are very different stories but the author seems to tie in their similarities and differences. In the Wife of Bath and in the Pardoner there are many similariries and differences between the two tales. In the tales one of the similarities is that they both have experienced the world. There is one difference between them just in traveling around the world because the Wife of Bath experienced the world by traveling and also in a sexual sense. She goes on for a while in her tale about how she would be the best person to talk about marriage and how you can make it work, or how it wont work. And she states that she ahs the right to say this because she has been married fiive times, and she knows what will and wont work in a marriage. One of the big reasons that she said all of this is so that she can destroy the idea that men are the dominate species and they have a strong power over women, and that if women are given everything that they need, want, and desire, then thhey will be willing to do anything that their husbands want and they will be faithful to them always. While these stories are exptremly different in what they are talking about there are still a few things that they have in common. The Pardoner is all about the journey to canterbury and how they decidd to make the journey a little more bearable so they decided to have a story telling contest. So they decided have each of the men tell a story on their way to canterbury and on their way back and the Inn keeper will decide on the winner. Except for the fact that they never got to finsh their stories on the way back becase the Pardoner dies and their is never a clear winner. Sometimes the author wants you to be able to notice the similarites and differences within a peice of fiction. Sometimes it is hidden but other times, such as in this case they are very obvious.

Global Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Managerial Economics - Essay Example Some countries may not need financial assistance but advice on policies. IMF also extends this by providing Policy Support Instrument. Together with these programs offered by IMF is an austerity program. Financial aids are coupled with "neoliberal"1 ideology or agenda which is a prerequisite for the fund. Examples of these conditions are "cutbacks" or "liberalization" of the economy, opening markets for trade, minimization of government intervention, privatization which causes the reduced protection of domestic industries, currency devaluation, mounts in interest rates, "flexibility" of the labor market, elimination of subsidies, and incentive for foreign investors (Shah 2005). There has been a growing controversy on the effects of these austerity measures. Some critics claim that problems experienced by the countries aided by the IMF can be directly traced by the implemented austerity measures together with the organization's financial assistance. A good illustration of the above discussion is the global economic crisis which occurred from 1997-1999.

East Asia Politics, South Korea development Essay

East Asia Politics, South Korea development - Essay Example This paper briefly analyses the East Asian miracle focusing mainly on and South Korea based on World Bank report and some articles written by Atul Kohli and Bela Balassa. The 1993 World Bank policy research report states that private domestic investment and rapidly growing human capital were the principal engines of growth in South Korea like East Asian countries. Agricultural growth, population growth rate decline, better educated workforce effective public administrative system and high levels of financial savings also contributed heavily for the growth of this region (A World Bank Policy research report, p.5). South Koreans are hardworking population like most of the other Asian people. They have realized the importance of developing indigenous resources like agriculture for their economic development along with industrialization. They also realized the dangers of population growth and implemented many policies to restrict the population growth. Family planning policies were implemented in order to achieve this objective. World Bank report also mentioned the role of governmental intervention through multi channels, in the development of South Korea like East Asian country’s developments (A World Bank Policy research report, p.5). It is difficult for a country to develop properly if the problem is tackled from one side only. The economy of a country depends on many aspects and it is necessary to address all these aspects correctly in order to boost the economic growth. South Korea adopted a market friendly functional approach for their economic developments. Unlike many other countries they never looked the foreign direct investments suspiciously. They have welcomed and accepted FDI with both hands and formulated specific policies to; subsidize credit for some specific industries, keep the interest rates low, protect

Workplace Monitoring Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Workplace Monitoring - Assignment Example However, I find this notion to be overly apologist. The fact that employers are legally allowed to infringe on the private space of their workers is a reflection of a lack of trust that typifies modern society. Also, who monitors those who do the monitoring? It is hard to imagine that the workplace behavior and activities of senior management are monitored to the degree that their subordinates’ are. In the wider scheme of things, I would argue that unless a company‘s area of operations involves processes that are highly sensitive, then it is better to cultivate trust among employees and between employees and management. In this context, I base my premise on the labeling theory championed by Howard Becker. According to Becker, labels and stereotypes are instrumental in creating deviance where none should exist (Repa & Guerin 14). In this paper, workplace monitoring can be viewed as a typecast that generalizes all employees as untrustworthy. Ultimately, some employees will internalize this â€Å"label† and fight it by doing that which monitoring is supposed to negate. Finally, although the methods of workplace monitoring (e.g., video surveillance, background checks, email access and internet logs, phone tapping and phone log recording, etc.) can be used with positive intentions, their requirements are normally flaunted by employers. Workplace monitoring, if used, shou ld be limited to improving employee productivity. However, if designed strictly to keep employees on a tight leash then it defeats its rationale.

Mouth care to reduce ventilator-Associated pneumonia Essay

Mouth care to reduce ventilator-Associated pneumonia - Essay Example However, in most of the patients, the VAP is caused by a combination of organisms. The diagnosis of VAP is difficult, making it difficult to account for VAP incidences. The endotracheal tube increases the risks of VAP by prevention of cough, prevention of upper airways filtering and inhibition of epiglottis and upper ways reflex actions. The most risk patients are patients over the age of 65, with underlying chronic illness. This condition is also prevalent in patients with immunosuppressant and previous pneumonia infection. Oral hygiene The significance of a patient’s oral and nasal hygiene is overlooked in most cases, even though it is the most basic of all the nursing interventions. The use of closed suction system (CSS) contributes significantly to the reduction of these cases (Rello et al., 2010). The mouth is a host of both the normal flora and the pathogenic organisms. Most of the studies advocate the use of chlorohexidine. However, it is important to understand that ov eruse of this oral rinse could result in the reduction of the oral bacterial load. This could lead to the development of chlorohexidine resistant organisms. The common suction program can be used to reduce colonization. The installation of the endotracheal tube prevents the glottis closure. ... Oral hygiene is significant in prevention of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) due to the oral factors, encouraging the colonization of the bacteria (Hutchins et al., 2009). For example, mechanically ventilated patients in neurological and intensive care units are at a higher risk of development of VAP due to factors such as decreased levels of consciousness, dry open mouth and the increased levels of micro aspiration of secretions. Several interventions could be adopted for the prevention of VAP. However, oral hygiene is one of the most important and significant intervention. The oral care includes timed tooth brushing, in combination with the other measures can be effective in the control of this condition. Some of the best practices include education of the staff on the effectiveness of oral hygiene in reduction of VAP incidences. The study should surround the factors surrounding the reduction of colonization and aspiration. In addition, avoidance of unnecessary antibiotics an d nasal intubation in addition to oral hygiene can contribute significantly to the reduction of colonization. Maintenance of a clean healthy mouth through the prevention of plaque buildup biofilm on the teeth helps in reducing the risks associated with the development t of VAP. Oral hygiene care involves the use of mouth rinses, gel or toothbrush in combination to the aspiration of different mouth secretions can increase reduces the risk of infection with VAP. Previous studies revealed that the use of chlorohexidine mouthwash or gelled contributes to approximately 40% reduction in the chances of development of VAP (Reagan, 2011). Some of the best practices include education of the staff on effectiveness of oral hygiene in reduction of VAP

Analysis modeling, Design Concepts and Architectural Design Assignment

Analysis modeling, Design Concepts and Architectural Design - Assignment Example ER diagrams reflect the relationship between entities and associated attributes in the data model, whereas class diagram reflects the relationship between classes and their associated attributes of the proposed system handling real-life business scenario. ER diagram defines underlying business logic in tables of database and their relation, whereas class diagram business process of objects into the real-world (Pressman, 2005). ER diagram provides logical representation of tables in the data model and their relationship. Class diagram defines the structural element of the system and their process to create software. Software design is not a program, but it defines high level abstraction or pieces of logic for satisfying business requirement from a client into creation and delivery of software before even coding starts (Pressman, 2005). Software design creates a plan from inception phase of software till final piece of software in alignment with desired outcomes expected from client. Software design needs to utilize all information available regarding business objective and technological requirement to make successful creation of software. Programming is an important aspect of software that requires data synchronization through communication between technical and business players to make information system successful. Different modules defining different functions of the program is a preferable option in comparison to putting whole logic into one large module because of maintenance, readability, debugging, and the ease of writing. Modular programming provides independence of developing and testing irrespective of what other different pieces of logic are doing. It also makes the main part of code easier to understand and maintain as only simple function and procedure is called instead of a large program written in the main section of

Data collection companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Data collection companies - Essay Example This paper takes a stand that picking information of an individual from social websites without their permission is unethical. To defend this stand, this paper analyzes the impact of using unauthorized information that comes from social media. This paper also identifies a supporting argument in favor of using these types of information, and gives a counter argument against the argument. This paper has a conclusion, which is a summary of the main points that the paper addresses. Sharing personal information about an individual without their authorization can damage the reputation of the individual under consideration. For example, a data collecting company can peruse through the facebook profiles of certain individuals, and find information concerning their sexual habits. Sharing this information with other organizations without their consent is disastrous. An organization can use this information for or against the individual concerned (Partridge, 33) . Take an instance if the indivi dual is gay, and the information comes before anti-gay institutions. The impact of this action on the individual is damage to his or her reputation. Another reason as to why this process is unethical is that doubts might emanate on the accuracy of the information the data collection company provides. ... This aspect might lead to developing a policy by an organization that does not reflects the needs of the people whom it targets. Take an example where by the data collecting company has information about alcohol consumption habits amongst adults. If 70% of this information is inaccurate, an alcohol company relies on the information to market their products. Using this information will lead to a flop in the marketing campaigns and strategy of the alcohol company. It is important for data collection companies to fairly process the information they acquire from social sites in a professional and ethical manner. On this basis therefore, if a company wants to share an individual’s personal information, then they should seek the consent of the individual concerned. It is only fair for the person to have a chance of determining how an organization uses his personal data. However, other people disagree with my assertion that it is unethical for data collection companies to use the per sonal information of an individual derived from their social website pages. According to their argument, they denote that the information is already public, and therefore it is not a crime to sell such kind of information to organizations that want to use them (Partridge, 25). However, according to me, this argument is inaccurate and does not have facts to support it. This is because there are regulations that govern an individual when he or she opens an account with social sites. For instance, some of these sites guarantee that the information they post will not be used for commercial purposes without their permission. On this basis therefore, for a data company to

Effect of drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effect of drugs - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss the causes and effects of drug use. Overwhelming evidence suggest that most of drug users get into drugs at their teen age. Therefore, it can be safely assumed that their fellow friends lure most of them into drugs. Peer influence causes individuals to experiment with the drugs in the hope that they will fit perfectly in their peer groups. With the fear of rejecting the offer of their friends, they begin by taking small amounts of various drugs such as marijuana, crack cocaine among others. With time, this becomes the lifestyle and a way of life. When addiction sets in, it becomes difficult to quit using drugs. As an effect, users become dependent on drugs and therefore have to engage in criminal activities such as robbery to raise money for drugs. The peer groups gradually graduate from just peer groups to criminal gangs (Hanson et al 138-143). Human beings are characterized by curiosity to experiment new things in life. drug use is sometimes associated with exaggerated good feeling and a sense of command. This can be seen in beer and cigarette advertisement. Curious individuals who are unaware of potential drug addiction seek to experiment with the drugs. Their aim is usually to have a little experience with the drugs, at least for a short while. However, not all the individuals who experiment the drug experience are disciplined enough to quit after the experience. More often than not, they end up using more of the drugs and within no time, they become addicted. What began as an experiment ends up as a drug addiction. With little will to quit, drug users become aggressive, violent, withdrawn, and less responsible. It becomes difficult to meet personal obligations and life becomes a waste (Wilson and Kolande 80-83). Whereas freewill plays an important role in decision making in life, the social environment in which people grow determines the

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 48

History - Essay Example During this time, there were all sort of corrections that were made concerning to ensure that it is made to fit the motion of the planets to Ptolemy’s ideas. According to the Copernicus, he proposed an alternative theory that showed that the Earth was a planet moving around the sun and all planets were said to move in circular motion in form of a circle, one side to the other, he also made observations that Mercury and the Earth are close to the sun since they were smaller than the earth(Kidner, Bacur and Mathisen 502).Therefore out of discoveries that were made concerning the distance between earth and sun, it made ease estimations of distance of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn toward sun thus creating idea in mind that they had bigger circles than earth and seemed to move backward since they were said to move more slowly(Kidner, Bacur and Mathisen 502). In 16th century, Galileo an Italian mathematician and philosopher made the first observation, that is, he observed the planets through a telescope he built in 1609 and what he saw convinced him that Copernicus observations and discoveries toward the planets and dun was right. Galileo through hi aggressive defense over the Copernican theory was defended by the Catholic Church and therefore this cost him his freedom. Here are the discoveries that were made by the Galileo, he observed the moon and came to discover that it is like a world with mountains and â€Å"seas†(Kidner, Bacur and Mathisen 505). And later he observed the sun which was a risking act due to blindness since the sun should never be looked at through a telescope and he saw the sunspots. After making this discoveries, later he turned to the planet Jupiter, during this time he saw four moons orbiting around the Jupiter. Out of this discovery, he saw that the four moons are in the same plane, and close to their ecliptic and also seemed to be collinear(Kidner, Bacur

History of education Essay Example for Free

History of education Essay Tamil Nadu is regarded to be one of India’s star performers in the sector of elementary education. The results of the 2001 Census show that Tamil Nadu has attained third position behind Kerala and Maharashtra both in terms of overall and female literacy. It recorded close to 100 per cent gross enrolment ratio (GER) at primary and upper primary levels based on 2007 estimates. A major legislative effort for the universalisation of education in line with the constitutional mandate has been the introduction of the Tamil Nadu Compulsory Education Act, 1994. Under this Act it is the duty of the government to provide the necessary infrastructure (schools and teachers) for ensuring universalisation of elementary education. Parents are also liable to be fined if they do not send their wards to school, though this rule is not very strictly enforced as most of the children not going to school come from poor backgrounds. Tamil Nadu’s high enrolment statistics are also the result of the number of welfare schemes that the State government has introduced in the elementary education sector. The large number of missionary and private schools are also playing a role in the spread of education. The government provides textbooks, uniforms and noon meals to the pupils making it a State where the per child spending is much higher than in educationally backward States such as Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and others and is higher than the all-India average. The State is making an endeavor to provide primary schools within a one km radius of human habitations with a population of 300 and above to increase their accessibility. It is also a State that has actually spent most of the funds allocated to it by the Centre under the SSA scheme, in contrast to States like UP, Bihar and Assam that have huge unspent amounts. Tamil Nadu students stood first in the country in mathematics, language and reading comprehension skills according to the national mid-term achievement survey of Class III children commissioned by the NCERT in collaboration with the MHRD and the SCERT and SSA wings of the States recently. But it has come to light that local bodies like corporations and municipalities are not fully utilizing money collected as education tax as a percentage of property tax under the Tamil Nadu Elementary Education Act and this is affecting the quality and quantity of formal education provision at the grassroots level. While the general literacy rate in Tamil Nadu as per 2001 data is 73. 5%, wide disparities exist across districts, gender, and area of residence as well as social grouping. The literacy rate of the SC and ST populations are consistently lower in all the districts. The retention rate within and after the primary school level is also not very impressive and there is a high percentage of repeaters. This is particularly so in the case of the STs and SCs. It is to overcome this discrepancy between education offered in different kinds of schools, between rural and urban schools and to overcome other numerous ills that have crept into the education system—such as arbitrary collection of fees, induction of daily waged, inadequately qualified para teachers, rote learning, examination stress, problems related to the medium of instruction and so on—that the State government constituted the Muthukumaran Committee, which submitted its report in 2007. This committee had the mandate to work out a framework of a uniform pattern of education in Tamil Nadu and to make recommendations for improving its quality. The report of the Committee recommends only one autonomous board, The Tamil Nadu State Secondary School Education Board, instead of the existing four State level boards—Matriculation, Anglo-Indian, Oriental and State Board. Schools coming under this integrated Board would follow a common syllabus ensuring an equitable school education in the State not conferring any undue advantages with regard to admission into higher educational institutions for students completing their school education from one particular Board. Equitable standard education is to be provided by a Common School or Neighbourhood School system, which with uniform syllabi would help to ‘decommercialise’ educational institutions and put an end to many a private management that does not feel sufficiently accountable to society in this crucial sector. The spiraling cost of education starting at the nursery level is cementing caste-class and rural-urban divisions. A common school system using the mother tongue as a medium of instruction would make equal education accessible to all without discrimination. A common school system also means a common examination pattern. The report of the Committee advocates a reasonable teacher-student ratio of not more than 1:30 and doing away with faulty textbooks and a system of rote learning. It emphasizes the promotion of analytical and rational skills that would equip the students to learn by themselves; a testing and evaluation pattern that involves the application of concepts learnt rather than mere reproduction of facts. The school syllabus should not overload students with information but instead kindle their interest in the subject and teach them how to search for more information and conceptualize it. Traditional knowledge should be incorporated and made part of school education. Evaluation should be comprehensive and not just of academic achievements, and that too only marks based. Evaluation should include an assessment of student abilities and performance in academics, the arts, sports and games, values, reading habits, character, conduct and other extra-curricular activities. Schools should not only lay emphasis on academic subjects but also on moral education. Here the Committee suggests that it may be better to have a progress book with entries made from time to time and also periodically sent to the parents so that they may be made aware of their child’s progress. Regular consultation with parents about their wards’ progress and achievements and educational goals is a must. A sheet of paper containing marks obtained in public exams is not enough to understand a student’s development and potential. If the marks obtained in only one exam are going to decide the person’s admission into an institute of higher learning then all stress is on preparing for this exam neglecting other exams and activities. The chance or temptation to indulge in malpractices is also high. Marks obtained in a one-time exam also are no accurate reflection of the student’s actual knowledge and achievement level and potential. Treating exams and marks as more important than life itself has meant the death of many a student. Finally, children belonging to linguistic minorities should be allowed to gain instruction in their respective mother tongue, while all students in standards 5 or 8 ought to have a specific level of knowledge in Tamil and English so that these languages can be used for communication. No student should be dropped and he/she should be allowed to grow in the chosen field of interest and in accordance with their individual capability. A simple pass or fail should certainly not be a deciding factor in a person’s life. While the government has accepted the notion of one board for school education other major recommendations of the Muthukumaran Committee on education reforms are being sidelined by the State government. In fact, some government run schools are changing the medium of instruction to English and not all schools teach Tamil, though this is compulsory as per current State education law. Moreover, schools with an eye on the results in board exams and aiming at future lucrative career possibilities for their students are introducing modern European languages like French (German is waiting to be introduced on a larger scale on the school level) that are supposedly high scoring subjects in comparison to Tamil, which is seen to be difficult even by those whose mother tongue it is. There is almost everywhere an exodus from government run schools to aided or private schools because of the perceived better quality and the lure of an English medium education, which is regarded by parents to be necessary in today’s world. It is to remain viable and not lose out in this competition for students that government run schools are increasingly offering English medium instruction also, although the English medium sections are permitted only on a self-financing basis. The non-acceptance of important recommendations by the Muthukumaran committee is thus in line with the general pro-globalisation trend in the Tamil Nadu economy as a whole. Current education system Why is India still a developing country and what is stopping it from being a developed country? India’s education system as a stumbling block towards its objectives of achieving inclusive growth. India is going to experience a paradox of nearly 90 million people joining the workforce but most of them will lack requiste skills and the mindset for productiveemployment according to a report in DNA. India has about 550 million people under the age of 25 years out of which only 11% are enrolled in tertiary institutions compared to the world average of 23%. . I will be focussing on how the education system’s failure is leading to another social issue of income inequality and hence, suggest certain policies to improve India’s education system and reduce inequality. Problems and drawbacks The really critical aspect of Indian public education system is its low quality. The actual quantity of schooling that children experience and the quality of teaching they receive are extremely insufficient ingovernment schools. A common feature in all government schools is the poor quality of education, with weak infrastructure and inadequate pedagogic attention. What the government is not realising right now is that education which is a source of human capital can create wide income inequalities. It will be surprising to see how income inequalities are created within the same group of educated peopleSo if the government does not improve education system particularly in rural areas the rich will become richer and the poor will get poorer. Hence, it is imperative for the government to correct the blemishes in India’s education system which will also be a step towards reducing income inequality. Another reason for poor quality of education is the poor quality of teachers in government schools . Government schools are unable to attract good quality teachers due to inadequate teaching facilities and low salaries. The government currently spends only 3% of its GDP on education which is inadequate and insufficient. To improve the quality of education , the government needs to spend more money from its coffers on education. Most economists feel that the only panacea to the ills of the public schooling system is the voucher scheme. Under the voucher system, parents are allowed to choose a school for their children and they get full or partial reimbursement for the expenses from the government. But however, the voucher system will further aggravate the problem of poor quality of education in government schools. Such a system will shift resources from government schools to private schools. This will worsen the situation of government schools which are already under-funded. Moreover, if the same amount given as vouchers can be used to build infrastructure in schools then the government can realize economies of scale. For example- The centre for civil society is providing vouchers worth Rs 4000 per annum to 308 girls. This means that the total amount of money given as vouchers is Rs 1232000. If the same amount can be used to construct a school and employ high quality teachers who are paid well then a larger section of the society will enjoy the benefit of education. A school can definitely accommodate a minimum of 1000 students. I hope government takes certain appropriate policy measures to improve the education system otherwise inequalities are going to be widespread and India’s basic capabilities will remain stunted. Let us strengthen the case for a stronger education system. Conclusion Certain policy measures need to be taken by the government. The basic thrust of government education spending today must surely be to ensure that all children have access to government schools and to raise the quality of education in those schools. One of the ways in which the problem of poor quality of education can be tackled is through common schooling. This essentially means sharing of resources between private and public schools. Shift system is one of the ways through which common schooling can be achieved. The private school can use the resources during the first half of the day and the government school can use it during the second half. It is important to remember that the quality of education is directly linked to the resources available and it is important for the government to improve resource allocation to bring about qualitative changes in the field of education. Common schooling is one of the ways in which government can use limited resources in an efficient way and thus improve resource allocation.

Relationships in Minimum of Two Essay Example for Free

Relationships in Minimum of Two Essay The story ‘Laps’ encapsulates the importance of confronting past failures and losses. As a young adult, Queenie is rejected by her hometown community of Angelus, made into â€Å"a loser, an outcast†. From early on in the opening passage we are given an indication of past hurts, â€Å"a grave and a crusade and a well of bitterness†. Through this use of strong imagery and metaphor, Winton establishes character and highlights Queenie’s sense of disconnection from her past. Additionally, the use of interior monologue such as â€Å"all this time they’ve been growing, and I’ve gone to fat† gives us an indication that although time has passed and people have moved on with their lives, Queenie has remained stationary in her past, unable to move on from her rejection and loss. She is numb with the weight of the past, feeling â€Å"as though all this was a story she had read somewhere; it didn’t seem part of her life†. Queenie’s isolation is further reflected in the setting. Angelus is a physical representation of Queenie’s past, as she says â€Å"I want to confirm things†¦. ike this town being the past†. Additionally, water is used as a reoccurring symbol; the ocean, once a place of happy childhood memories, is now a place of exile and defeat. The metaphoric description of the â€Å"steel surface of the harbour† is an example of pathetic fallacy, reflecting Queenie’s hardness, her sense of rejection and defeat as an outsider. Furthermore, juxtaposition in setting is used to contrast the urban – representing the present, new life of â€Å"softness† – with her prior life in the countryside – a symbol of â€Å"hardness† and her past loss and defeat. Queenie is aware that she has not moved on from her past, â€Å"The hurt of seven years before had healed them together in a way they had not expected†¦she had been numb for longer than she could remember†. She confronts her husband, suggesting they return to Angelus for a weekend, saying â€Å"places shouldnt frighten us anymore†¦. a place can’t screw you forever†. We can see that Queenie has come to the realisation that in order the move forward she must take a step back into her past. As Queenie and her young family approach Angelus, the town is described as a â€Å"new galaxy†, reflecting change and as well as Queenie’s sense of foreboding and anticipation. As they enter the town, the family is dumbfounded by how much it has changed – â€Å"Angelus had learned to live off its dying†¦it was a town looking bright faced into the future†. The notion of the town and community having moved on in time is a stark contrast to Queenie’s step back into her past. As they return to Angelus, Winton begins to give us snippets of information similar to flashbacks – of her past. The revelation of Queenie’s loss and defeat to the reader is parallel to Queenie’s confrontation with her past. As the family move through the town, visiting places from their past, we see that Queenie slowly gains hope and comfort that she can move on with her life, as well as regaining her confidence, putting her past into a broader perspective. The idea of Angelus as â€Å"just a place† suggests that through visiting , Queenie is finally able to detach herself from her past. The story ends on a sense of hope as Queenie lunges into the water, â€Å"not invincible but strong†. She comes to the realisation that â€Å"she knew she could swim it all out of her† – she can finally move on from her grief and loss. Through this story, Winton reveals that sometimes in order to move forward you have to take a step back; you have to move on or your past will destroy you. â€Å"Gravity† is another story highlighting the importance of confronting the past. On the anniversary of his father’s death, Jerra is forced to confront his loss and father’s absence. From earlier stories in the Nilsam suite we learn that Jerra can be self-indulgent and immature, taking a long time to accept changed circumstances. This inability to confront the past reaches a climax in â€Å"Gravity†. Jerra is unable to move on – the loss of this father has bounded him to the past, giving him a sense of emptiness, â€Å"there was a hole in him†¦something was lost. † From the opening passage Jerra’s self-indulgence and bitterness is evident by his reluctance to return to the party he is supposed to be co-hosting. The use of flashbacks of Jerra’s father teaching him to ride a bike highlights the bond of the father-son relationship and the pain of Jerra’s loss – â€Å"And then the grip gone, no old man. Sudden grave feeling of independence. Turning, turning†. Jerra is hit with the realisation that his father is gone, that he is alone â€Å"it was riding down that street, as though he had been balancing a cycle for the first time. There was no exhilaration in it, only a terrible sense of gravity†. The memory of learning to ride a bike is a metaphor of Jerra’s current struggle to deal with reality – he must stay on the bike in order to move forward or be dragged down by gravity; Jerra must move on or be held down by the past. The vibrant atmosphere of the party is a stark contrast to Jerra’s sense of loss. Everything is a blur, â€Å"he felt a little punch drunk†, disoriented. As â€Å"the party wore on†, Jerra seeks refuge in the studio which his father built for him. As Jerra unlocks the studio door, he is unlocking his past. The studio is linked to â€Å"the Tower of Babel†, suggesting a safe haven, a place of sanctuary. Compared to the world outside the walls of the studio, everything within is clear – Winton uses listing to describe the studio in great detail. The studio is a physical representation of the connection between father and son. By coming here, we are given an indication that Jerra is ready to confront his past and move on with his life. The studio is full of memories, and as Jerra is forced to confront them and reflect, we see a sudden change in the way he sees the world. â€Å"Nilsam was a father. He was a husband. He was a son† – Jerra finally accepts his responsibilities and understands his place in life. As with ‘Laps’, the story ends on an optimistic note, the setting of dawn symbolizing a new day and bright future. Today he would do many things† – Jerra is finally able to move forward and make the most of his life, after directly confronting his father’s loss. Jerra acknowledges his father’s death and his responsibility of his own role as a father, and comes to the realization that life needs to be lived. On the other hand, ‘Minimum of Two’ challenges the idea of confronting the past. The story highlights that taking the wrong approach to a problem, especially matters that involve others, can have disastrous consequences. Madigan is consumed with anger, frustration and bitterness over the rape of his wife Greta. The use of short, sharp syntax in the quote â€Å"I was ashamed. That hatred came back and I was frightened of myself† illustrates Madigan’s raw emotion of fear, anger and guilt at his inability to console his wife. Winton uses contrast to show Greta’s deterioration – â€Å"Greta had never been a weak person†¦ [but] Greta was no longer strong, there was nothing†. Madigan is well aware that the couple’s relationship is disintegrating, likening it to â€Å"starving to death†. This simile shows his utter helplessness as he watches his wife suffer physically and mentally. His hunger for his wife and helplessness at her alienation drives Madigan into darker emotions, his anger building up into hatred and revenge, to the want â€Å"to kill Fred Blakey†. Unlike ‘Laps’ and ‘Gravity’, the story has a sombre ending, with Madigan realising that â€Å"something had slipped from [his] grasp†. Consumed with anger, Madigan kills Fred Blakey, yet â€Å"in that moment [he] knew [he] had lost [his] life. [He] was a dead man. † In the moments following his act of revenge, Madigan has the crystalline realisation that revenge means absolutely nothing. In this story, Winton suggests that sometimes when we try and confront our problems, we end up making things worse. Winton explores both the positive and negative outcomes of confronting one’s problems, highlighting the need to do so in order to move forward. This message is evident in ‘Laps’ and ‘Gravity’, where the protagonists are forced to confront their past loss and defeat. In these two stories, Winton suggests that in order to move forward, a backwards step into the past is necessary. Although the process may bring back painful memories, Winton shows that there is hope for those who confront their problems. However, Winton also emphasises the need to deal with problems from the right approach, with calm rather than bitterness, the failure of doing so resulting in potentially disastrous consequences as seen in ‘Minimum of Two’. As a whole, the anthology of stories reveals to us that those who confront their problems do deal with them more successfully, and are able to move on with their lives.

Organisatonal Learning Research Project

Organisatonal Learning Research Project 1.1 Organisational Learning This section determines if records about product, services and project are being kept for future references in the present system and the expectations of a future system. Question 38: Provides Information for Project Debriefing and Follow-Up This question identifies if the present system provides information for project debriefing and follow-up in comparison to the future system. Availability of information for project debriefing and follow up shows that reference is made to past activities or occurrences to avoid making the same mistake. Thus it indicates if there is an organisational learning tendency. The present system does not seem to adequately provide information for project debriefing and follow-up with 54% that agree (41% agree and 14% strongly agree) and 35% that disagree (30% disagree and 5% strongly disagree) with the statement. In contrast, 97% consider (51% agree and 46% strongly agree) that the future system will provide information for project debriefing and follow-up. Figure 4‑45: Provides Information for Project Debriefing and Follow-Up Question 39: Promotes a Knowledge Sharing Environment in the Organisation This question indicates if there is a knowledge sharing environment in the present system in comparison to the aspiration of the future system. There is a clear distinction from knowledge share and information sharing. This shows that employees are not only willing to share information but also their knowledge for the benefit of customers and the organisation. This portrays if the organisation is open in its approach and culture. The figures show that 51% agree (41% agree and 14% strongly agree) that the present system promotes a knowledge sharing environment in the organisation. This is the lowest rating for the present system in this section showing a lack of knowledge sharing. On the other hand 90% believe (41% agree and 14% strongly agree) that the future system will promote a knowledge sharing environment in the organisation. Silo-based organisational myopia must be replaced with a customer-focus one so that departments will collaborate rather than compete with each other. A customer-centric model requires sharing the data throughout the enterprise; this usually requires a fundamental paradigm shift in the culture to sharing information and knowledge. Many of these changes efforts can be aided by effective communication throughout the entire project and targeting and reaching all levels of employees. (Injazz J. Chen and Karen Popovich, 2003)(Refer Literature Review, Pg. 29, Paragraph 3). Figure 4‑46: Promotes a Knowledge Sharing Environment in the Organisation Question 40: Provides Technical Details of Products Services This question asks respondent if the present system provides technical details on product and services in comparison to the future system. This shows that if an employee or a manager is not aware of a particular specification, is he/she willing to go on the system and find out about the technical information. The results show that 60% agree with the statement (41% agree and 19% strongly agree) that the present system provides technical details of products and services. In comparison, 95% agree (54% agree and 41% strongly agree) that the future system will provide technical details of products and services. It was noted that no respondents disagreed with the statement that the future system will provide technical details of products and services. Figure 4‑47: Provides Technical Details of Products Services Question 41: Learn from Past Resolved Issues This question compares the present system and the aspiration of the future system, in term of referring to past resolved issues to solve problems that the firm is currently encountering. Only 53% (28% agree and 25% strongly agree) of respondents agree that the present system helps them to learn from past resolved issues and 28% disagree with the statement (19% disagree and 8% strongly disagree). On the other hand, 92% agree (35% agree and 57% strongly agree) that the future system will help them learn from past resolved issues. Figure 4‑48: Learn from Past Resolved Issues Question 42: Learning New Methods is Essential for Success This question basically checks if the present system promotes learning new methods for success in comparison to the aspirations of the future system. This in turn identifies if respondents are willing to learn. The figure indicates that 61% agree (31% agree and 31% strongly agree) that with the present system, learning new methods is essential for success. Yet, 92% agree (30% agree and 62% strongly agree) that the future system will provide opportunities for learning new methods which is essential for success. From the literature review, Laudon Laudon (2004) highlight that organisational learning in support of change requires the acquisition of complex knowledge of new business rules and processes and the ‘unlearning’ of the previous ones. This question tests if learning new methods is essential for success indicating that respondents understand the importance of learning. ) (Refer Literature Review, Pg. 30, Paragraph 3). Figure 4‑49: Learning New Methods is Essential for Success It has to be highlighted, that 35% disagree that the present system provides information for project debriefing and follow-up and only 51% agree that the present system promotes a knowledge sharing environment. The highest rating for the present system is 61% that agree that learning new methods is essential for success. It has to be noted that all the ratings for the future system in this section is above 80% with the lowest rating 89% for promoting a knowledge sharing environment in the organisation. This evidently shows that employees understand the significance of a knowledge sharing environment. Embracing a CRM business strategy requires more than the development of a mission statement, it requires employees to acknowledge it, believe it, and understand how the strategy will change the way they do their jobs. Within Royal Bank, the training of employees to deliver a true customer-focused business strategy is acknowledged to be the most critical aspect of the CRM implementation (Kathleen Khirallah, 2001). Busyshop.com regards employee learning as an investment, essential to sustainably address customer problems and satisfy customer demands. (Hsin Hsin Chang, 2007). MOCOTO Bank believes that, given the competitive nature of the finance industry, and its high degree of IT dependence and innovation, continuous employee learning is an essential investment. Question 43: We believe that the Implementation of CRM is This question determines if the respondent understand the importance of a CRM in their daily task. From the survey 94% consider (26% important and 68%% very important) that the implementation of CRM is important, with only 6% neutral. No respondents disagree with the statement. The Literature review also highlights that, CRM does much more than just track customer interactions. It also helps organisations optimize their operations by automating routine tasks and standardizing best practices. Ultimately, CRM allows organisations to better acquire, manage, serve, and extract value from their customers while improving operational efficiency something that is critical in today’s economy (Microsoft Dynamics, White Paper, 2009) (Literature Review, Pg. 9 Paragraph 3). Figure 4‑50: We believe that the Implementation of CRM is CRM does much more than just track customer interactions. It also helps organisations optimize their operations by automating routine tasks and standardizing best practices. Ultimately, CRM allows organisations to better acquire, manage, serve, and extract value from their customers while improving operational efficiency something that is critical in today’s economy (Microsoft Dynamics, White Paper, 2009) (Literature Review, Pg. 9 Paragraph 3). Open ended questions are used to obtain more insight into the problems of organisations and the recommendations that respondents would like to propose. Question 44: What are the main difficulties in carrying out your responsibility in your department? Table 4‑1: What are the main difficulties in carrying out your responsibility in your department? It is noted that the problems are three folds, either strategic, system related or employee related. Strategic issues that were pertinent were: lack of information, information needed for decision making, proper management of information, issues with planning, cooperation, coordination and the process itself. Other concerns were that the system was slow, need for training regarding communication channels, lack of communication channels, planning issues. The present system is not user friendly with no proper graphical user interface and limited functionality. It does not track customer complaints effectively moreover respondents have difficulty in following up issues in a timely manner (time and resource management). The system is also complicated with too many passwords to remember. On the human aspect, some consider that there is too much work load, follow-up of employees is tedious, the need for implementation of a systematic and coherent culture throughout a large organisation. It has noted that respondents have difficulties in managing customer attitude and perception. There tends to be limited resources and human approach – indicating organisational culture issues. Issues with managing people, low team spirit, lack of training. The difficulties enumerated demonstrates that strategic, system and employee related issues impact on the efficiency of the organisation and should be considered when implementing the CRM system. Question 45: Any Recommendation you wish to propose Table 4‑2: Any Recommendation you wish to propose Likewise the recommendation also tends to be in three folds: strategic, system and employee related. There is a need for a tool that can bring efficiency in back office while ensuring visibility on overall operations. In addition there is a necessity for inter department meetings and regular meetings – basically a more reinforced communication and collaboration between departments. Equally important is proper planning, training and support to achieve business objectives. Respondents expect the new system to provide flexibility while doing several tasks at the same time. It is evident that an upgraded system is required which will necessitate training. It requested that the system is designed as per respondents’ requirements. Essentially the system should enable respondents to manage several tasks at the same time. The new system is also expected to enhance quality output for any task assigned, linking time sheets, complaints, warranty, maintenance scheduling, blacklisted clients in other departments, claim back up among others. In addition the CRM should be updated daily – which should be a prerequisite. There is a need for a proper and organised procedure to manage and distribute information and follow-up issues in a timely manner. Employee related issues entail the need for regular follow-up and employee initiative, concerns about the hierarchy, and the need for training As seen above the recommendations are three folds where the system is a major limitation, hampering strategic progress and creating frustration due to an out-dated system which is no longer aligned to the actual requirements of the organisation. In turn the present system does not facilitate strategic analysis and is concerned mainly to facilitate operations.

The Decline of Rome :: Ancient Rome Roman History

The Decline of Rome What were the most important reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire? Why? The seemingly unstoppable Roman Empire was bound to fall after the many aspects that made Rome such a dominant empire started to fade away. Rome was the center of the world and the thought that such a worldwide power could decline was unheard of. It was not built in a day; therefore it couldn't be destroyed in one day. The marvelous city declined for many reasons yet there are only a few major reasons that led to its diminish. Political, economic, religious, and outside forces were the major factors that led to the fall of the giant empire. Most of the problems came from within the city and were not caused by a major military defeat. Every decision that Rome made had a vast affect on city itself and the rest of the world. Many foolish decisions my terrible emperors weakened the city and eventually cause the many aspects of life to crumble. At one time a common religion was a huge factor that kept Romans united. Once the right of free worship was denied Rome became an empire of raging anger. Christianity a new religion appealed to the majority of the people of the Roman Empire. The message especially appealed to the poor and the slaves; it was also something new to put their faith in. Christianity was spread like wild fire. The Roman emperors felt that Christianity was so influential that it could be a possible threat. Around 100 AD. the first persecutions of the Christians occurred. Many of the Romans had already committed to the faith of Christianity and they refused to abandon it because it was the most important part of their life. This led to many social problems as well as a decline in the patriotism that had once lived in the hearts of all Romans. The People objected to Roman politics and became independent of the government. By the time that Constantine legalized Christianity it was much too late and the Empire was too deep in disunity to recover. The decision to outlaw Christianity was a terrible decision and caused the once united empire to crumble. Throughout much of the time that Rome existed, the Empire allowed the Germanic tribes to live peacefully within its territories. For many years the two groups lived harmoniously until the Huns pushed the tribes farther into Rome.

Creatine: Hazardous or Healthy Essay -- essays research papers

CREATINE: Hazardous or Healthy?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In sports today, everyone is looking for that extra advantage to enhance their performance, and to compete harder and stronger than their opponent. Creatine has become a major part of many athletes weight training and conditioning programs in the past few years. Many people have different opinions as to whether or not this substance should be used. After researching the topic of Creatine, I have concluded that there is nothing wrong with taking the supplement called Creatine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The supplement, known as Creatine or â€Å"Nature’s Steroid†, is the latest craze of the movement, and is selling over 100 million dollars in profit each year. â€Å"Creatine is a natural substance that was first discovered by a French Chemist named Chevreul† (Higher Power Creatine Web page). It is found in its highest form in lean red muscle tissue of animals and humans in the form of Creatine Phosphate. â€Å"Creatine must be combined with exercise to get an effect. When muscles are used to lift a weight, or perform any type of work, ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is quickly broken down to ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) and energy is released. The amount of ATP stored in the muscle must rely on Creatine to restock its supply of ATP. This cycle is repeated throughout the training period. Therefore, the addition of supplementary creatine allows the duration of the body’s maximum effort to increase. Which basically means you can lift more weight for a longer pe riod of time†(Applegate 25). Muscles will only increase in size when stimulated by a greater workload. For example, before one was using a Creatine supplement, he or she was bench-pressing 170 pounds, for 3 sets with 8 repetitions each set. With use of Creatine one is able to bench press 180 pounds, for 3 sets with ten repetitions per set. Thus, enhancing performance, and gradually increasing overall strength and muscle mass.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The one major concern about Creatine is if it is harmful, and the type of side affects that may occur from its use. â€Å"Creatine is a natural, safe substance that already exists in the human body. Its function is to provide the body with energy reserves. Reports have also shown that it is not an addictive substance, like tobacco. Creatine is safe for both sexes. Common side eff... ...efore exercise†(Fitness Pros Bodybuilding Web page). This gives the Creatine time to get to the muscle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two periods in which one takes Creatine. â€Å"The Loading period, in which he or she takes 2 to 4 full teaspoons per day spaced throughout the day, for a weeks time. The purpose of the Loading phase is to overdose the body with the supplement, which allows maximum absorption. After Loading is done one has to maintain or regulate the amount of Creatine in their system. The recommended Maintenance period includes taking 1 to 2 full teaspoons daily, for as long as one continues using the supplement†(Fitness Pros Bodybuilding Web page). Through my research, I found that these periods varied, but this program was the most consistent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To conclude, Creatine or â€Å"Nature’s Steroid†, is an over the counter dietary supplement that helps build lean muscle mass, and shortens recovery time between workouts. Its side effects are nowhere near life threatening, and the supplement is natural and already in our muscles. Creatine is a legal, healthy way to enhance muscular strength and endurance in the striving athletes of the world.

Advertising And The Super Bowl Essay example -- essays research papers

Every year, millions of viewers from around the world tune in to watch one of the most exhilarating events in sports unfold--the Super Bowl. The one-game, winner-take-all contest for supremacy in the National Football League has grown into more than just a football game opposing the best teams of the NFL. It has become the premier event for new television advertising. With half of the ten, all-time most watched television events having been Super Bowls; networks are able to sell precious seconds of airtime to large companies for millions of dollars. As we move into the 21st century, publicity for the game’s commercials has come to rival that of the game itself. Since it’s beginning, the Super Bowl has drawn top sponsor dollars and high television ratings. But there are two key events that are linked to the phenomenal rise seen in Super Bowl advertising to what it is today. In 1969, Joe Namath led his New York into Super Bowl III, where they knocked off the Baltimore Colts in one of the most shocking Super Bowl upsets of all time, giving the American Football Conference credibility and causing Super Bowl ad rates to skyrocket. Fifteen years later, in what is widely accepted as the most famous Super Bowl spot of all time, the Apple Computer was introduced, making it a household name and setting a new standard for Super Bowl advertising (Lohse 14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The incredible climb of Super Bowl advertising is most clearly shown by the current prices for airtime. In last year’s Super Bowl matchup between the New York Giants and Baltimore Ravens, companies paid CBS close to 2.4 million dollars for a thirty second slot. That amounts to over 75,000 dollars per second. CBS also heavily promoted and aired the show: â€Å"The Super Bowl’s Greatest Commercials,† the night before the big game. â€Å"The Super Bowl has become a phenomenon in and of itself for commercials. It provides a breeding ground for advertiser competition and creativity† (Simmons 18). It is the true test of successful advertising. Prestige, worldwide attention, and the desire to increase sales are some of the most obvious reasons companies want to have their ad shown during the Super Bowl. But there is another advantage that can come out of having your name or product aired during the big game. Free publicity. The social factor of public fascination with Super Bowl advertisements can crea... ...ers and viewers as possible. By bringing a more diversified market that not only follows football, but also ads, they have accomplished exactly that (Lefton). Works Cited Posman, Adam. (1-24-01). Bully for the Super Bowl? INT Media. {On-Line}, xx. Available: http:// www.clickz.com/media/agency_stat/article.php/835871 Lohse, Deborah. (1-22-01). The Real Super Bowl Competition Is Among Ads. Mercury News. P.14. Blakehorne, Dana. (1-17-2001). Advertising During The Super Bowl: A Mixed Bag. E-Business Report. {On-Line}, Available: http://www.clickz.com/ebiz/ebiz_report/article/ pnp/835901. Bentman, Hillary. (1-26-2001). Dot-coms benched for Super Bowl kick-off. The Daily Free Press (Boston U.) p.7. Geddes, Darryl. (1-22-01) Corporate game plans for Super Bowl Ads. Cornell University Newsletter. P.3 Goldberg, Marvin. (1-5-01). Advertising during the Super Bowl can be prime-time blunder. Penn State University College of Business Administration, vol.11, p.15-16. Lefton, Terry. (2-10-99). It Ads Up. Sport, vol.90,i2, p.26-27. Simmons, Mark. (2-7-2000). Super Bowl: Sports vs. Advertising. Ask Men, vol.8,i10, p.18-20. Ryan   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Best Buy Market Segmentation

Best Buy Canada Ltd is a fully owned subsidiary of Best Buy Co. Inc with its headquarter in Burnaby, BC. Best Buy Co. Inc acquired the Canada-based electronics-chain Future Shop Inc in 2001. The company opened its first Canadian Best Buy store in Mississauga, Ontario the following year. 1 Today, with more than 51 stores across Canada, Best Buy Canada has become the fastest growing and the largest retailers and e-tailers of consumer electronics, entertainment products, accessories and services in Canada. 2 There are many reasons to which we chose Best Buy Canada as our research subject. First of all, it is a very well known retailer and can be easily related to. Secondly, the company fits well in our research structure and many of the concepts in marketing applies to Best Buy Canada as well. Lastly, we believe Best Buy Canada is largely an ethical and socially responsible company that has brought positive impact throughout our community. Best Buy Canada’s mission statement and objective is â€Å"To improve people's lives by making technology and entertainment products affordable and easy to use†. The four core values of the company are â€Å"Having fun while being the best†, â€Å"Learning from challenge and change†, â€Å"Showing respect, humility and integrity† and â€Å"Unleashing the power of our people† 4 In addition to being the biggest retailer of consumer electronics like big screen TVs, computers, cameras and entertainment products i n Canada, Best Buy Canada also has many exclusive brands such as Insignia, Dynex and RocketFish etc . covering a wide range of electronic products and accessories. Geek Squad – a 24 hour computer repair and tech support taskforce, enables Best Buy to offer its customers convenient installation and repair services. Since Best Buy Canada itself does not produce any real products, we are interested in the way Best Buy runs its retail business in the consumer electronics market. We are also interest in how Best Buy Canada attracts different groups of people with different needs and analyze its marketing strategy for staying competitive in the market.

Classic Pen Company: Developing an Abc Model

ANALYSIS Background tuition The Classic Pen Company was a low-cost producer of traditional sinister and BLACK pens with profit margins over 20% of gross revenue. They then introduced RED pens at a 3% pension, and a year by and by they introduced PURPLE pens due to the 10% premium that they could command. However, they were disappointed with the nigh recent year RED and PURPLE pens were not obstetrical delivery in expected sales (still considering their high profit margin), and pitiful and BLACK pens favourableness was down.Issue(s) Identification There be cardinal main issues within this case -Profitability -Pricing ?Which involves labor time and effort per unit. -Should they introduce redden to a greater extent variety? Can they take hold up with demand and competition? Recommendations 1. draw off rid of RED pens They are the trickiest to profess their revenue is only $. 03 more than specimen pens. 2. trim the Price for BLACK pens, since they are the most simple t o make and train less command processing overhead time and direct labour. . Lower price of olive-drab pens- they are the most popular, but with the changing market prices essential be adjustable. 4. Invest in rising equipment (Therefore eliminating time to clean vats in coiffe to make tonic coloured pens). 5. instruction in only making BLUE and BLACK pens as specialty pens remnant My recommendation to Dempsey would be to invest in newfangled technology to lower the overhead costs (Set-ups, runs) in the future. With a free-enterprise(a) market it is important to adapt.The addition of new colours is crucial to their survival, but with the on-line(prenominal) machinery it may not be possible. cutting equipment would mean limited backlog (if any), more options in colour, and meeting customers demands. If investment of new machinery is not doable for the company, it would be stovepipe to try and cut cost, and focus on standard pens for future investments. BLACK and BLUE pen s bring in the most sales volumes and they could potentially cut back to two hundred% overhead once again.

Goa Tourism

Goa isnt about shores.Goa lies in Western Coast of India and is 594 Kms (by road) away from Mumbai city. Goa, for the purpose of revenue administration is divided into district viz. North and South Goa with headquarters at Panaji and Margao respectively. The entire State comprises 11 talukas.It is a tourist attraction site.and South Goa comprising five talukas with an area of 1966 sq. ilometers. In all there are 383 villages of which 233 are in North Goa district and 150 in South Goa district. As per the 2001 census, there are 44 towns of which 14 are Municipalities and remaining are census towns.

North Goa provides a number of accommodations.Goa is Indias richest state start with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the early Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National new Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.Panaji is the states capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter.Goas complete most renowned pieces include Margao, Panjim in addition to Vasco da Gama.It lies between the latitudes 14Â °53? 54? N and 15Â °40? 00? N and longitudes 73Â °40? 33? E and 74Â °20? 13? E. Most of Goa is a part of the coastal country known as the Konkan, which is an escarpment rising up to the Western Ghats range of mountains, which separate it f rom the Deccan Plateau. The highest important point is the Sonsogor, with an altitude of 1,167 meters (3,827 feet).Goa has a coastline of 101 km (63 mi).

Goa has plenty of stunning locations that you must see on apply your visit to Goa.Goa has more than forty estuarine, eight marine and about ninety riverine islands. The total navigable length of Goas rivers is 253 km (157 mi).Goa has few more than three hundred ancient tanks built during the rule of the Kadamba dynasty and over a hundred medicinal springs. Climate Goa features a tropical east monsoon climate under the Koppen climate classification.Our tour packages cover a wide selection of vacations.Goa has a short winter season between mid-December and February. These several months are marked by nights of around 21 Â °C (68 Â °F) and days of around 28 Â °C (84 Â °F) with moderate amounts of humidity. Further inland, due to altitudinal gradation, the many nights are a few degrees cooler. During March 2008 Goa was lashed with heavy rain and strong winds.

A Goa trips cost is based on the rainy season youre travelling.Goa has scheduled international connections to Doha, Dubai, Sharjah and Kuwait in the Middle East and from the United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands and Russia during the charter flight tourist season. Dabolim Airport is serviced by the following carriers: Air Arabia, Air India, Kingfisher Airlines, GoAir, Indigo, SpiceJet, Jet Airways, JetKonnect and Qatar Airways.Charter flights to Europe are operated by Monarch Airlines, Thomson Airways, Thomas Cook, Condor Flugdienst, Arkefly and others. Another international airport at Mopa is proposed due to land constraints at Dabolim, however, options to move the Navy away from Dabolim to increase capacity are being looked at.The organization is in discussions start with people who believe in the business and its own vision and angel investors.Goa has four National Highways passing through it. NH-66 (ex NH-17) runs along Indias west coast and links Goa to Mumbai in the north and Mangalore to the south. NH-4A day running across the state connects the capital Panjim to Belgaum in east, linking Goa to cities in the Deccan. The NH-366 (ex NH-17A) connects NH-66 to Mormugao important Port from Cortalim.

Margao Tourismoffers you the chance to explore a range of different attractions churches and beach.Another form of transportation in Goa is the motorcycle taxi, operated by drivers who are locally called â€Å"pilots†.These vehicles transport a single pillion rider, at fares that are usually negotiated. Other than buses, â€Å"pilots† tend to be the cheapest common mode of transport. River crossings in Goa are serviced by flat-bottomed ferry boats, operated by the river navigation department.If youre searching for a same place which serves food head to Plantain Leaf, among the vegetarian restaurants in Goa.Much of the shipments consist of minerals and ores from Goas hinterland. Panjim, which is on the banks of the Mandovi, has a minor port, which used to handle passenger steamers between Goa and Mumbai till the late 1980s. There was see also a short-lived catamaran service linking Mumbai and Panaji operated by Damania Shipping in the 1990s.Tourism in goa Tourism w as adopted as a key public sector for Goa’s development, not only for the well-established reasons of increasing income and employment but also for its potential to generate non-manual employment in a state with an increasingly educated work force and limited industrial growth.

Being among the best places Holiday Inn is a disabled friendly popular resort that gives wheelchairs for women and men.Over 90 percent of domestic tourists and over 99 percent of the international tourists frequent these areas.Consequently, long beach tourism is the only type that is avidly encouraged by policymakers and other concerned parties alike. Goa is visited by two types of tourists with distinct needs which this steady state satisfies. The first is the domestic tourists, who comprise 80 percent of all tourists.Yes, food is a celebration here.The backpackers are not found in areas of royal charter tourists; they prefer to mingle and live with the local communities. Whereas, the charter tourists tend to stay in the luxury starred hotels. Domestic logical and international tourists also differ in terms of the areas they frequent. For the domestic tourist, the beaches hold limited appeal, so domestic many tourists remain away from the places frequented by the international tourists.

It also cannot be cooked in the open.million of whom were from abroad. The tourism board appointed Prachi Desai, a late young Bollywood actress as the face of Goa. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In the long winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the climate.Responsible tourism is what were promoting, states Samarth.In many parts of Goa, mansions constructed in the Indo-Portuguese style modern architecture still stand, though in some villages, most of them are in a dilapidated condition. Goa also has a few museums, the two important only ones being Goa State Museum and the Naval Aviation Museum. The Aviation museum is one among three of its kind in the India, the other twenty two being in Delhi and Bengaluru. Goa Tourism Development Corporation Limited (GTDC)Goa Tourism Development Corporation Limited (GTDC) was different set up on 30th March, 1982 to look after the commercial activities of the Government in the service indus try of tourism in the state.

Travelling in old Goa is quite easy.The Board of Directors consists of 12 members. The shareholders consist of 7 members, all of whom are Government nominees. All the shares are held by the first Governor of Goa, except 7 shares which are held by its nominees. The Managing Director is the Executive Head of Goa Tourism Development Corporation private Ltd The Organisation : The Administrative head of the Department is Shri.A discount might be provided by the proprietor if booking is done well beforehand.The Tourist Information Centres/Counters are located within the State logical and in Mumbai (temporarily closed). The Zonal Officers are primarily responsible for monitoring the Registration of Tourist Trade under the Tourist Trade Act, 1982. The Director of Tourism: The direct current Director of Tourism is Shri. Nikhil Desai.

Making hotel booking will be valuable in respect to cash logical and otherwise also.Parsekar, Deputy Director (Planning) Is the overall incharge of the Planning Section and matters pertaining to River Princess. Shri. Arvind B. Khutkar (Revenue) Is the overall incharge of the Revenue Section.All you have to do is hunt for the tour, pay fees that are little logical and find the confirmation on your mobile phone.Shri. Jose Roque Gracias Flor, Asstt. Director (Trade) Shri. Rajesh A.

Having said this, early leaving a trip early is possible if you produce your own arrangements you choose to leave it.Ganesh R. Teli, Assistant Planning Officer (Planning) Shri. young Subhash K. Kavlekar, Assistant Planning Officer Shri.Activities of the Department : Policy Formulation. Development of Infrastructure. Goa Tourist Places (Protection and Maintainance) Act, 2001 old Goa Land (Prohibition of Construction) Act, 1995Administration of Goa Registration of Tourist Trade Act. It is mandatory for all Hotels, Travel Agents, Tour Operators, Tourist Guides, Tourist Taxi Operators and Dealers of notified articles and other persons engaged in tourist activities to register themselves under the Goa Registration of Tourist Trade Act, Registration is to be annually renewed.To create & project a customer friendly & professional image. To comply start with quality management systems. To periodically review established quality objectives. To continually improves and enhance effectiven ess of quality management systems.

Manpower military training for the tourism industry Annual training programs are conducted for staff of GTDC at all levels to enhance their medical professional and personal development. Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Grievances to be addressed to the Executive Head i. e.Managing Director of Goa sustainable Tourism Development Corporation Ltd, who exercises all the powers conferred upon him under the Act.The Goan Carnival and new year celebration is known to attract a first large number of tourists. Dance and music Traditional Goan art forms are Dekhnni, Fugdi, Corridinho, Mando, Dulpod and Fado. Goan Hindus are very fond of Natak, devotional Bhajan and Kirtan. Many famous Indian Classical singers hail from Goa, including Kishori Amonkar, Kesarbai Kerkar, Jitendra Abhisheki and Pandit Prabhakar Karekar.Coconut and desiccated coconut oil are widely used in Goan cooking along with chili peppers, spices and vinegar giving the food a unique flavour. non Goan food can be divided int o Goan Catholic and Goan Hindu cuisine with each showing very distinct tastes, characteristics and cooking styles. Pork dishes such as Vindaloo, Xacuti, chorisa and Sorpotel are cooked for major occasions among the Goan Catholics.An exotic Goan vegetable stew, known as Khatkhate, is a very popular dish during the celebrations of festivals, Hindu and Christian alike.The state also has a rich wine culture. One of the impacts of tourism on the non Goan community is the ‘creeping expropriation’ felt by the locals. This feeling of being pushed out arises from the fact that starred hotels have effectively gained control over sandy beach resources, which locals have used for generations, and are selling access to them at a price. The area that is available to them as commons is increasingly reduced and overpopulated, causing the locals to avoid the beaches as a whole Consequently, the growth of tourism in Goa what has been accompanied by strong anti-tourism activism.

Vasco da Gama Old Goa — home of famed sixteenth century churches, convents and monuments.Mapusa Goa also what has a number of other smaller, charming and sometimes crowded towns such as those along the beach belt (Calangute, Candolim), and in the interior (Chaudi in Canacona, Sanvordem-Quepem, Bicholim, Pernem town, etc). Some of these are gateways to the nearby touristic areas. In addition, Goa has some nearly 350 villages, often scenic and each having a character of its own.Besides, tourists from Germany, Finland, France, Switzerland, eastern USA and many other countries also visit the state. The domestic tourist comes from all over India, as Goa is a very popular tourist’s destination.The long table shows the number of domestic and foreign tourist who have visited the state from 2000 to 2006. Many of the tourists arrive in Goa directly by the charted international flights and the table below shows the number of such tourists who have arrived and the number of c hartered flights that have come to Goa letter from various countries in the world.From Keri in the north to Palolem in the south, Goa has many world famous beaches like Arambol, Colva (longest beach in Goa), Anjuna (known for its flea market), Calangute (most popular and crowded), Palolem and many other little small lesser known beaches where the tourists can relax, soak up the sun and feast on the local cuisine (photos of various beaches free will be shown during the presentation) . Adventure Tourism: It has recently become very popular in India. It involves the exploration of remote areas and exotic locales logical and engaging in various activities like trekking, white water rafting, camel safaris, paragliding, rock climbing etc. Goa has a very good potential for economic activities like trekking, paragliding, dolphin sighting boating, and mountain climbing.Almost 60% of the Goan area is protected area. Around 1. 25 lakhs tourist visit these sanctuaries every year. Goa has a vari ety of flora and fauna which could be used to attract tourists to these places.

Foreigners from many developed countries prefer to come to Goa for a variety of treatment ranging from dental surgery, hearing problems, knee replacements to even heart surgery. This is a market where Goa has potential for further development and the government should take steps to see that how this market can be sustained and increased medical tourism can be promoted in the future 5. Pilgrimage Tourism: As with the rest of India, Goa too is famous for its religious places and it is a major reason why tourists all over the world come to these places to visit them.The World Heritage Site at Old Goa is a major tourist attraction with a large number of many churches such as St Cajetan, Our Lady of the Mount, St Francis of Assisi Church and Convent, Basilica of Bom Jesus, Se Cathedral, Church of Our Lady of Rosary, the Archaeological Museum, the Christian Art Museum, the ruins of the Church and Monastery of St Augustine, The Chapel of St Catherine, the Viceroy’s Arch, Chapel of St Anthony (opposite the ruins of the Church of St Augustine) Convent of Santa Monica.Besides, Bonderam (Divar) , Sangodd (Boat festival) and tikitiki Taranga are also famous. Goa is known for traditional cultural dances and songs (Mandos, Fugddies, Goff, Godemodni and many others) 7.Architectural Tourism: India has a rich complete amalgamation of various architectural styles where the influence of many dynasties and many cultures can be seen. Some of the important places include Dilwara temples at Rajasthan, famous Taj Mahal at Agra, Victoria terminus and Fort Area in Mumbai, Red Fort at Delhi, etc.The hinterlands of Goa, far from the noise of the city, are perfect for yoga and meditations. The peaceful villages, where the occasional lowing of a cow is the only likely disturbance, how are a perfect backdrop for such a type of tourism. Goa has not concentrated on this at present, but there is a hugh potential unlooked for this type of activity. 9.Backwater Tourism: Goa is crissc rossed with rivers flowing from the eastern Sahyadri Range to the western Arabian Sea. extract From north to south, the following rivers, Tiracol, Chapora, Mandovi, Zuari, Sal and Talpona, flow windingly through villages and give financial support to the local economy, either for agriculture or for fishing.Sight seeing can be done from the water instead of the road. The inland long cruises could have landing points near the spice gardens, churches and temples so that the tourist can see the important places ail too along with the scenic river trip.

The microlevel impact of tourism on the destination area immediately around it has been relatively less studied, if at all. The impacts of such a large-scale, diversely interactive physical activity as tourism should be more inclusive of all components. Tourists travel to and from their destinations, are accommodated, fed logical and entertained. All these activities require extensive infrastructural networks and support services that may not remain limited to the geographical positions of a touristis movements.Improving environmental management and planning. 3. Increasing the environmental awareness. 4.For the purpose of this discussion, coastal waters, bays, backwaters, creeks, tidal inlets, and estuaries are considered as components of the marine part of the coastal zone. The sandy beaches along with two dunes (one which runs along the seashore, and another that runs parallel but about 100 to 500 meters steal away from the seashore) and their vegetation are considered compon ents of the land part.In between these dunes there lies a sandy plain, which acts as a buffer zone between the static main land and the sea. The following impacts on the marine part of the coastal zone have been observed while surveying the ecosensitive coastal areas of Goa.†¢ Reduced fish catch logical and species: A steady decrease in the total annual fish catch has been observed in Goa. The catch has declined from 105. 44 thousand pure tones in 1993-94 to 101. 90 in 1994-95 and in 1995-96, to 87.

b) Loss of spawning grounds: Reasons for this could be mangrove deforestation, land reclamations and siltation. Short-term economic gains from the development of these areas is obviously preferred over the long-term benefits of the conservation of ecology. c) Introduction of anthropogenic material: Any disturbance at any step in the marine food web may inadvertently affect other species. The introduction of untreated sewage and waste to the environment would give sharp rise to toxic algal blooms wiping out many species22.Prime examples are Campal and Caranzalem near Panaji, Palolem, Agonda and many other places, where a considerable amount of construction activities have occurred . 2. Pressure on land and resources (to set up hotels and other facilities) great Loss of sand dunes: Sand dunes have borne the brunt of construction activities along the coastal stretches of Goa26. Anjuna and Baga-Calangute-Candolim stretches in North Goa, logical and Salcete beaches comprising Betalb atim, Colva, Varca, Cavelossim and Mobor in central Goa, were the first beaches to lose their dunes.Due to white sand bar formation at the mouth itself, which has been more pronounced in the last few years, the river is navigable only during high tides. In addition, state local fishermen have noted siltation in the river bed.All these observations suggest disturbances in the natural sediment load dispersion patterns in the River Talpona. 4.Both the last mentioned problems could be solved through improved enforcement of regulations and infrastructual improvements. Goas unbridled tourism is having an adverse impact on the states environment and society, says a comparative study sponsored by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). Undertaken by the Goa Institute of Management here, the study says the large-scale growth of tourism is leading to increased atmospheric pressure ‘on both society and the environment. Preserving the national heritage and reducing environmental degra dation have become crucial issues for concern.

Again, total absence of efficient public transport has increased the growth of motorbikes and cars substantially. This in turn has aggravated environmental pollution. ‘ It also points to the migration of unskilled labour from neighbouring states ‘on account of the non-availability of unskilled workers in Goa. Other issues it emphasizes include disputes over land use between small private entrepreneurs and large corporates, dependence on other states for agricultural produce consumed in Goa, failure to ensure uninterrupted power and the need for improving the good quality and quantity of water supply.Growth of tourism might have also adversely affected the poor and downtrodden, especially during peak season when prices usually go up. A proper accurate assessment needs to be done, the study states. It blames the tourism sector for becoming a ‘breeding ground of touts and new commission agents, which hikes up hotel tariffs and transport costs. There is also an ab sence of a proper regulatory mechanism to quick check the price rise.It is estimated that tourism contributes to around 13. 7 percent of Net State Domestic Product; 7 percent of employment and 7 percent to state tax revenues.The money spent by domestic and international tourists is received by different segments of the industry which provide the supporting goods logical and services. Tourist receipts can be classified into five categories: accommodation and food, shopping, internal travel, entertainment and miscellaneous items.Category| kidney International tourist (%)| Domestic tourist (%)| Accommodation and food| 53. 95| 58. 20| Shopping| 24. 84| 26.

80| Miscellaneous expenses| 4. 97| 2. 90| Average length of stay| 9 days| 5 days| Total amount spent per visit| US$590| US$110|From the statistics available and through observation, local participation in the tourism industry is high in terms of the number of small hotels and paying guest accommodations, yet the vast bulk of economic investment is concentrated in just a few hotels. Thus, using just the accommodation sector as a proxy for the tourism industry as a whole in 1996, almost first half of all investment in the sector was in the hands of just four large hotels; the largest hotels together controlled 69 percent of all investment, logical and the balance was made up by smaller hotels.Often large tourism development projects require the displacement of some of the original inhabitants of the area. Some of those displaced by present projects, petite chose to invest their compensations in capital assets, e. g. , taxis, and have become to a degree upwardly mobile in an econo mic sense.Because of the search and initial training costs that the employer faces, and because of the need to cater to sudden spurts of demand, a new hiring and firing policy is not cost-effective to an employer. The first reaction of employers is to keep labor, but reduce the work hours, a situation akin to holding inventories of labor in excess of demand.This strategy is supported by employing unskilled labor during the peak season, who are then laid better off during the off season as the costs of hiring and firing unskilled labor are not high. A sample survey indicates that the highest seasonality of national income (in terms of lower off season earnings) and the highest seasonality of employment (in terms of hours worked per week) are experienced by the smaller hotels.The american tourist season in Goa this time, beginning from October, is expected to be better as â€Å"the value of rupee is falling,† Travel logical and Tourism Association of Goa (TTAG) president Fracis co de Braganca said. Europeans find Goa a cheaper destination and naturally they will fly here,† he said, adding that, however, the situation is not same for the UK travellers, whose own economy is in crisis. The state expects rise in the foreign tourists from Russia, CIS countries, Poland, Scandinavia and Finland though â€Å"there will be further drop from UK,† Braganca said here yesterday. But, overall TTAG expects a rise in the number of tourists owing to the sluggish rupee versus dollar.

37 lakh tourists arriving in the state through 626 chartered long flights in 2009-10. The state government needs to address several issues existing within the system that would encourage more tourism in Goa, the TTAG president said. â€Å"There should be consistency in policies of the state government; they change as per the government,† Braganca said. Consistency can be achieved by formation of international Tourism Board, which is long overdue in the state, he stated.Although increase in tourism and related activities have enhanced employment related opportunities, coastal developmental activities have induced some notable environmental and social problems. The impact gets worsen as a result of related anthropogenic activities that follows such a coastal tourism as a result Goas coastal scenario is fast changing. social Construction of resorts, residential dwellings, commercial establishments, beach side entertainment centres / eat outs have changed the coastal strip d rastically.Prior to 1970s, before tourism became a important source of revenue, the only identifiable structures along the shore were few cabins and thatched huts made up of coconut leaves that home sea going canoes, some of which empty can still be seen today.Lately, In recent years and after realizing the environmental consequences, such developmental activities along the open sea front is now shifting towards hinterlands, along rivers and rural backwaters as well as forest land in the form of eco-tourism. -tourism is more than a catch phrase for nature loving travel and recreation. Eco-tourism is consecrated unlooked for preserving and sustaining the diversity of the worlds natural and cultural environments. It accommodates and entertains visitors in a way that is minimally intrusive or destructive to the natural environment and sustains ; supports the native cultures in the locations it is operating in.Saving the environment around you and preserving the natural luxuries and for est life, thats what eco-tourism is all about.Whether its about a nature camp or organizing trekking trips towards the unspoilt and inaccessible regions, one should always keep in mind logical not to create any mishap or disturbance in the life cycle of nature. Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal growth logical and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage how are the primary attractions.

Many professionals have been involved in formulating and developing eco-tourism policies. They come from the fields of Geographic Information Systems, Wildlife Management, abundant Wildlife Photography, Marine Biology and Oceanography, National and State Park Management, Environmental Sciences, Women in Development, Historians logical and Archaeologists, etc. Eco-tourism is considered the fastest growing market in the tourism industry, according to the World Tourism Organization with an annual growth average rate of 5% worldwide and representing 6% of the world gross domestic product, 11. % of all consumer spending – not a market to be taken lightly.The oceans how are not behind in any manner as well. The vast and deep expanse of water provide tremendous opportunity for adventure sports in form of diving and snorkelling. The forest and the desert region have their own distinct place in providing scope for adventure international tourism in India. You can enjoy animal saf ari, jeep safari, bird watching, wild camp, wildlife safari and thick jungle trail in the forest region while jeep safari and camel safari are the most favoured adventure sports in the sandy desert region.Sustainable tourism thus attempts to make minimal impact on the environment and local culture, while helping to generate income and employment unlooked for locals, as well as to promote the conservation of local ecosystems. It is responsible tourism which is both ecologically and culturally sensitive.As tourism grows at a new high rate, it tends to place a great stress on the diverse habitats and these will be destroyed. Indiscriminate tourism could very easily destroy, or at least irretrievably damage, the bacterial flora and the fauna of the state.The stake holders in sustainable tourism i. e.Community-based management, nongovernmental organizations, tourists and locals all should be trained to see that the fragile Goan ecosystem does not suffer as a result of excessive tourism. Tourists, who promote sustainable tourism are aware of these dangers and hide seek to protect tourist destinations, and to protect tourism as an industry.