Ethics in Small Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics in Small Groups - Essay Example Every member provided his best and worked hard to produce a quality assignment. In the spirit of collective ideas, every member worked hard on their specific parts of the presentation thus making work easier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Group members extensively used technology including WhatsApp, emails, and phone calls to connect. The approach helped to save time and facilitated the progress updates. In addition, the group members met in the library and Alexander Hall.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I learned that teamwork and division of roles according to individuals’ strengths significantly improves output level. Besides, a team should help one another to enhance their skills. I also learned that that working with a small group is fun and easy. Small groups enjoy privileges of efficient communication, problem-solving, and natural decision-making. Fallen leaders and ethical deterioration Based on the theme of Fallen leaders and ethical deterioration, I gained significant insights about visionary and strategic leadership. I intend to utilize the knowledge to guide my future decision-making process to minimize failures caused by the unsound decision. Furthermore, the teachings shall help me to navigate through leadership platforms keeping in mind that integrity, sound judgment, and right public image are earned based on good leadership skills (Mendonca & Kanungo 2006).

Political Theatre Essay Example for Free

Political Theatre Essay Modernism came about due to a change in international thinking, with the likes of Darwins evolution theory and the publication of Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto (1848). People wanted a clean break with tradition, presented through the arts as Romanticism and realism. Consequently, Modernism an artistic experiment and immensely complex movement encompassed the majority of the countries in the Western World, after figures in the avant-garde of the movement, such as Zola and Nietzsche, spread out from the bohemian cities of Paris and Vienna, where Modernism stemmed from. Modernism is an Umbrella term, an overwhelmingly complex phenomenon1, including Naturalism, Symbolism and Theatre of the Absurd among others. It also began throughout the world at different times forming a number of different strands, such as Germanic and Anglo-American Modernism. It is for this reason that the movement is so difficult to pin down to one era. According to Bradbury and McFarlane, it began in 1880 and ended in the 1930s. However, among other critics, I propose that the period stretches further, much closer to the present day, where we are currently in the period of Post-Modernism. It is certain that Modernism began in the 1880s, making a swift transition from Romanticism. It was concerned with a negative consciousness, alienating the audience and creating a sense of disorder. Yet, this quickly gave way to a positive attitude to social advance, seen in Henrik Ibsens plays, highlighting optimism and confidence. Shortly after came the main strand of Modernism, replacing this confidence with a fascination with irrational forces, reflected in Strindbergs The Ghost Sonata. The movement juxtaposes a number of unlikely combinations such as The Enlightenment (18th Century) and Romanticism (early 19th Century); rational and irrational thought; and the naturalistic and symbolic because of its complexity and the range of different styles within it. The central point for Modernism changed at the end of World War I, moving away from France in favour of Central Europe and revolutionary Russia. The change in politics, society and technology called for developments in theatre, the product being Political Theatre. However, the term Political Theatre was first used publicly in 1928, before which it had no official term. Political Theatre, like the rest of Modernism posed a number of experimental, and often controversial ideas. The two main forerunners of Political Theatre were Germans, Erwin Piscator and Bertolt Brecht. Piscator set the ball rolling, adapting plays to have a political edge, while Brecht developed the ideas and formed stronger concepts and theories, writing his own plays with political subject matters. Yet, the practitioners didnt work together in developing the style despite sharing similar beliefs in how theatre should be portrayed, because each man wanted to manage himself. Ironically, this situation is echoed in the politics of the time with the Russian and German Revolutions, where despite the parties seizing power in similar manners and setting out from the same causes, they didnt share views in ideology. At the end of World War I Germany was in a state of economical and political ruin. The Weimar Republic took control of Germany until just before World War II after which Hitler effortlessly seized power. The artists of The Weimar Republic, home of Political Theatre, were anti-Nazi and sought to find policies to suit them elsewhere. As a result, strong allegiances were built with Russia, and many artists of the Modern era migrated there to find jobs. Piscator was a revolutionary Marxist; he disliked the Nazis and produced many political plays attacking the regime. However, Piscators theatre was subject to party orders and the political issues of the time. Brecht, like Piscator was opposed to Militarism and false Nationalism. He despised Nazism and as a result was exiled for fifteen years, where he wrote some of his most famous work including The Good Person of Szechwan and Mother Courage. Yet, unlike Piscator, he never joined the East German Communist Party despite following the Marxist regime, which was mainly based in Russia. Two forms of theatre that had been set up in Russia, largely influenced by the works of Meyerhold, set the basis for Piscators Epic theatre of Politics. Agitation Propaganda (Agit-Prop) aimed to stimulate the audience to take political action, through the use of song and short sketches. The other, Mass spectacles, were vast pageants of revolution involving casts of thousands 2. It has been suggested that Piscators Epic theatre was a fusion of these two elements. However, his theatre is not Naturalism. He uses aspects of previous forms, fitting them into Political Theatre. He is more sympathetic towards Naturalism because it shows real people on stage, but claims the problems is that cries of exasperation stand where we should hear answers 3, this being the difference. However, where Piscator scattered the pieces, Brecht was the one to pick them up and create the jigsaw. Brecht drew his own ideas from Piscators, simplifying and customising them. Piscator wanted to create a new form of theatre, one that engulfed the social struggle, where the Proletariat take power from the ruling class, another link with Marxist Russia during World War I (1917). He wanted his audience, preferably the working class, to take a stand as a result of his theatre. Piscator once said More than ever the theatre must nail its flag fanatically to the mast of politics: the politics of the proletariat Theatre is action, the action of the proletariat4 His theatre aimed to depict reality as truthfully and authentically as possible, providing a documentary style reality to the drama. This had repercussions on future Art, because this idea formed the basis for Documentary Theatre. In order to portray this new theatre, there came a need for a new style of acting, and not only this but a totally different approach to performance. A critic described one of Piscators early productions, Fahnen, as epic, and consequently he built on this idea. Thus the beginnings of Epic Theatre were first outlined in his published book, Das Politische Theater in 1929. It is now appreciated that Political and Epic Theatre go hand in hand. However, the real theorist of Epic Theatre was Brecht. Naturally, he was influenced by Piscator, but used his methods on a much smaller scale. As Willett said The real novelty [of Brechts theatre] and force of his plays lay in the words which simply could not stand such top-heavy staging5 and therefore focussed his work on die Verfremdungseffekt, a technique he created that made the acting strange to the audience. In doing this, Brecht took the emotion out of the production, distanced the audience from the characters, and most importantly made the actors dissociate themselves from their roles. The staging of Political Theatre aimed to enhance the technique and theories of the movement as a whole. It depended on a minimum of scenery and props, following the ideals that the spectacle of the theatre is in the acting and what the actors can portray. Brechts Mother Courage is a good demonstration of how small greedy entrepreneurs make wars possible. Brecht states this in no uncertain terms in the play What they could do with round here is a good war. What else can you expect with peace running wild all over the place? You know what the trouble with peace is? No organization. 6 portraying his views on the senselessness of war. The play tells the story of a woman who runs a sustenance wagon during wartime. Set during the Thirty Years War, it acts as a metaphor to any war throughout time. The play shows that people lose sense of their morals during war, through greed of the army sergeants, but also how Courage remains set on providing for the war despite losing her two sons, and get her materialistic cut, knowing that big profits are not made by little people7. There are certain attributes in Mother Courage that exemplify Epic Theatre, the most dominant of these being the character names in the play for example the Cook and the Chaplain. Brecht avoided giving characters actual names as this added to his concept of the Verfremdungseffekt, stopping the audience from becoming emotionally attached to the character. By naming Mother Courage the audience is subconsciously forced to empathise with her, sharing a powerless social position 8. Brecht also created the idea of gestus. Here, the actor adopts a socially critical attitude towards his character, communicating with the audience as himself rather than as the play character. A good example in Mother Courage is a performance by Brechts wife, Helen Weigel. When asked to identify her son at the end of scene three, the stage directions instruct Courage to shake her head, to show she doesnt recognise her son. However, after doing this, Weigel turned to the audience, opening her mouth in a silent scream. This reminded the audience they were spectators at the theatre, another of Brechts aims, but also had more affect on the audience than any real scream could have. It is for this reason that Mother Courage was both a success and ineffectual for Brecht. Audiences always felt some emotion towards Courage, yet the play was well received. Brecht included a number of songs in his play, and the actors would step out of character to perform these, adding to the Verfremdungseffekt. He wanted the music and text to juxtapose one another, such as when Yvette teaches Kattrin about love in the Fraternization Song. Political Theatre played a key role in the development of Modernism as a whole, Brecht being the most influential character, but was also fundamental in the development of theatre. Remains of Political Theatre can be seen across the Arts today, and the sub-movement has been continued by such political writers as Edward Bond who said that theatre helps us to understand political views, complimenting the work of Brecht and Piscator. Despite being experimental and controversial, Political Theatre is now regarded with great respect and well received. Therefore, Brechts ingenious but contentious ideology came true for him, and the development of Modern Theatre: Dont start from the good old things, but the bad new ones. References 1. Bradbury, M. and McFarlane, J. Modernism A Guide to European Literature Penguin Books 1991 2. http://www. citycol. com/perfdesn/Piscator. htm Erwin Piscator (1895-1966) 3. Piscator, E. The Political Theatre In: http://www. citycol. com/perfdesn/Piscator. htm 4. Piscator, E. In: Willett, J. The Theatre of Erwin Piscator Methuen 1978, p. 121 5. Willett, J. The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht Methuen 1959 6. Brecht, B. Bertolt Brecht Plays Vol. 2 (Mother Courage) Methuen 1962

Research methodology: Experiences of social work managers

Research methodology: Experiences of social work managers Methodology This chapter will outline the manner in which the research was planned and completed, with reference to literature when necessary. Furthermore, it includes an important discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that had to be considered during the sampling and subsequent interview processes. Approach This piece of research aimed to explore the experiences of managers in social work, and set out to cast light in surprisingly under researched areas. One of the central aims of this piece of research was to obtain data that was readily analysable (Arksey and Knight 1999) and valid (Whittaker 2012). The nature of the research meant a qualitative approach was used to explore the various themes that emerged from the review of the literature. This was preferred over a quantitative method, particularly as the latter usually requires larger samples for generating statistics and quantifiable data. Qualitative methods focus on seeking out and interpreting the meanings that people ascribe to their own actions (McLaughlin 2007), and allows for exploration of opinion and experience (Shaw 2003). Interpretative topics were at the core of this research; core values, which despite being substantially constant across societies and throughout history, is inherently subjective. A qualitative approach enabled the collation of data that is rich in description, detail and character (Neuman 1997). Social work research is required to enhance and develop knowledge (McLaughlin 2007), and can help explore people and communities, paying particular focus to the wider social and structural issues that affect them (Cheetham 2000). The profession is embedded in practice; therefore research that informs behaviour and questions the known and unknown elements of practice is vital to encourage lateral thinking and dynamism amongst frontline workers, as well as going someway towards boosting the professional status of social work (Bledsoe et al. 2005). With this in mind, it was interesting to note some of the barriers to accessing informants, not from social workers themselves, but from organisations. Dealing with rejection from one local council was personally frustrating, but has wider consequences for the profession. â€Å"To understand social work†¦ we must understand how knowledge is validated within the profession† (Askeland and Payne 2001:14) Furthermore, â€Å"Social work research is about social workers, what they think, what they believe, what knowledge they claim and what they do with it.† (Butler 2002:241). With this in mind, the implications of a blasà © attitude to research, albeit a small project such as this one, are significant. One of the themes that arose from the interviews, as will be discussed in more detail later, was the increasingly diverse and heavy workload of managers. Lack of time is a commonly quoted barrier to research participation amongst practitioners (Sheldon and Chivers 2000), and this is one of the reasons research remains a low priority for workers in the field (McLaughlin 2007). Furthermore, as is commented on further at the end of this chapter, having to go through organisational protocol first has implications for anonymity, and arguably has consequences on worker willingness to take part (Lewis 2003). Literature review Research into the topic of core values started with certain core textbook readings, which expanded into their recommended reading lists and cited articles. A range of literature databases including Ingenta, Social Sciences Citation Index, Social Services Abstracts were searched using keywords such as â€Å"core values†, â€Å"social work manager†, â€Å"social work management†, â€Å"managerialism and social work†, and â€Å"performance indicators† in various different orders. The search extended to databases such as Oxford University Press Journals, SocINDEX, SwetsWise and Academic Search Elite. Furthermore, using university’s Searcher Electronic Database it was possible to search a plethora of databases at one time. This was further augmented with internet searches and the use of Google Scholar. Initially, there was not a lot of research regarding retention of core values among managers, indeed this was indicative of social work as an under researched area in general. Nevertheless, broadening my search using the above keywords and Boolean operators such as OR and AND proved to be more fruitful. Interview sampling The dearth of research available in this area, and regarding social work managers more generally, proved an impetus to focusing on a particular sample. Interviewees were approached a couple of months before the interviews took place, and had been chosen specifically due to their current management related roles. Having a purposive sample avoided the common issue of ending up with a large amount of irrelevant or disconnected data (Thurlow Brown 1988) as such a method usually means that the sample has a certain level of knowledge and experience in relation to the topic (Smith 2009). A total of six interviews took place over a four week period, with all working in hospital social work at management level. This represents a small sample, but it was within the limits of this piece of work, and since qualitative methods are not reliant on large samples for credibility unlike quantitative methods (Anastas 2004), coupled with the level of research undertaken, meant a greater understanding of the issues could be uncovered (Denscombe 2007). Working with a smaller sample allows for more depth and detail of meaning, and subsequently avoids a more general and abstracted level of explanation (McLaughlin 2007). Indeed, it allowed for a more sharpened focus of this study, particularly as all the informants were in very similar roles. During the interview process, informants offered recommendations of others to interview, otherwise known as snowball sampling (Knight 2002). Whilst this was appreciated, the recommendations involved other areas of social work. Although this would have generated further data, it was felt that having a random sample would obfuscate more pertinent findings from the core interviewees and affect the generalisability of the findings. The criticisms of using a convenience sample are well noted, particularly the impact this has on generalisability to the wider population (Bryman 2012). Using informants who are already known to the researcher may have its drawbacks, but it is argued that these are outweighed by merits of such projects being used to further larger studies (Herr and Anderson 2005). Interviews Interviews were arranged through email, at which point the respondents were told of the nature and purpose of the study and what was going to be covered in the interview. This involved a general overview of the main themes that were to be explored. It was not felt necessary to give the informants a copy of the interview schedule for fear that this would impact on the conversational flow that was being aimed for. Interviews followed a semi-structured model and enabled the investigative process to remain mostly conversational and informal; the inherent flexibility of this approach allowing for detailed probing when necessary (Becker and Bryman 2004). It is a simple method of data collection but allows for detailed excavation of people’s experiences. Open ended questions were consciously used to avoid bias and encourage a free flowing narrative that was in line with the interviewees’ views and opinions whilst also following the overarching themes that were being explored (Rubin and Babbie 2007). Whilst the interview schedule did not have to be strictly adhered to, it was designed in a way that started with descriptive, open questions such as â€Å"Can you give me a description of your current role?† and slowly moved to more direct questions that aimed to elicit thoughts and opinion, â€Å"How do you feel about the statement ‘If you can manage a factory, you can manag e a team of social workers?’† Having the interview designed in this meant that the range of questions were general enough to stimulate free flowing dialogue, but also specific enough to gather relevant data. All of the interviews were recorded, and subsequently transcribed as soon as possible for reasons of confidentiality; informants could be indirectly attributed through a collection of characteristics (McLaughlin 2007). This was particularly important as the sample represents the majority of two local authority management teams, in secondary settings, and therefore could be easily identified. For this reason, transcripts of interviews were not provided in an appendix and no contextual detail has been provided about any of the interviewees. Despite the onerous process of transcribing data (O’Leary 2004: 169), it was important because it meant that more attention could be spent actively listening and tuning in, as opposed to writing notes. The interview itself, as a communication interchange establishing a framework for future evaluation and enquiry, lies at the heart of social work practice (McLaughlin 2007), and drew on some of the skills that had been developed on placement, p articularly active listening, signposting and probing. Qualitative methodologies mirror the focus placed upon person-centredness in social work practice (Connelly and Harms 2012). This highlights the transferability of skills from practice into research and vice versa. With this in mind, it was important to use these skills to ensure interviews was being guided and not led. This meant avoiding leading questions and generally putting words in the mouth of the informant. For example, asking â€Å"What do you feel the main reasons for this are?†, as opposed to â€Å"Is this a direct consequence of the increased use of key performance indicators?† Key findings and discussion Thematic analysis is a commonly used method for analysing such data (Bryman 2008, Davies 2007), and was used to explore the transcripts and highlight recurrent themes as it has been defined as a method for identifying, analysing and recording themes within data (Braun and Clarke 2006). Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six stage thematic analysis model was used as a guide, and involved getting immersed in the data in the first instance followed by creating, searching, reviewing and defining/naming themes. Initial coding was done by highlighting particular extracts that were interesting (Boyatzis 1998), separated by different colours to represent the various different topics that emerged. This was a useful way of organising what was initially a large amount of data by marking recurrent topics and words (Ryan and Bernard 2003). This stage represented an organisation of data into individual building blocks of particular topics; the next stage aimed to bring together blocks into groups of similar colours. At this stage, it was possible to identify themes. Limitations of study It would be nave to think that such a study could be generalised to a wider population (Gomm 2008, Smith 2009). However, it has been argued that although such studies are not generalisable in the traditional sense, they have redeeming qualities which set them above that requirement (Myers 2000). Small scale research highlights the importance of viewing such studies as focusing on discovery, and not proof (Denscombe 1998). The development of managerialism is not unique to the UK (Politt and Bouckaert 1997, Hood et al. 1999, Brunsson and Sahlin- Andersson 2000), and highlights the relevance and necessity of shedding light on management experiences within a paradigm that triumphs managerial prerogative (Thomas and Davies 2005). The sample represent one of convenience, as all but one of the informants were known to the researcher in a professional capacity. Whilst this has been deemed the least credible of sampling techniques (Bryman 2008), it must also be stressed that it was also purposive as highlighted previously. With this in mind it is important to recognise how the researcher’s own views and values can create a bias, particularly as the constructivist framework of qualitative research states that individuals construct their own understanding through experience (Denscombe 2003, Kuper 2008). Rigorous testing of the interview schedule was done to avoid any bias by recognising and removing leading questions. Ethics It was necessary to follow well established protocol within the university school, as well as the local council to ensure that the study was carried out in a way that was ethically sound. This firstly involved completing an ethical level one self audit, as well as qualitative appraisal tool identified in literature (McLaughlin 2007). It was important to gain informed consent from the interviewees, and discuss the extent and manner in which absolute confidentiality was to be achieved. Contingent confidentiality (Dominelli 2005) is more commonly discussed in social work, as it is necessary to spell out the precise conditions this would need to be broken, such as a criminal offense being disclosed, however this was not the case in this study. The local council’s policy on research meant that the research design was scrutinised to glean what use this had. Indeed the request form specifically states answer â€Å"What benefit will the dissertation offer to the council, if any?†. The question better asked would be â€Å"What benefit will the dissertation offer social work?†, as the organisation would arguably benefit if their goals were parallel with social work. Social work as a profession risks having its own priorities sidelined for those of employing organisations, and although workers are accountable to their organisation, social work’s struggle with developing an evidence base (Marsh and Fisher 2005) highlights the need to build a solid research infrastructure that informs best practice (Davies et al. 2000, Trinder 2000). The council procedure involved providing information on was to be interviewed and the interview schedule itself. As was briefly discussed earlier, having to tell the council who was being interviewed and the impact this has on anonymity is questionable; indeed the impact of tighter ethical and regulatory frameworks for social work students and having a research capable workforce are well noted (Dominelli and Holloway 2008). Arguably, social work research should place ethics at the centre of what it aims to achieve, and this is well noted (Hugman and Smith 1995). This is particularly important as ethics are or at least should be at the centre of practice. What this raises are issues of accountability for the researcher that mirror those of workers and managers as is discussed in the following chapters. As a social work researcher, to whom am I accountable? The current research governance framework (Department of Health 2005) has been seen to focus more towards accountability to funder s and regulators as opposed to anybody else (Dominelli and Holloway 2008). How this affects larger research projects is unclear, but as an ethical researcher, since I was unable to guarantee the anonymity of further informants it was decided that a sample of six was enough. How this subsequently affects participation is interesting but unfortunately not within the scope of this particular piece of research. References Anastas 2004 Arksey, H., Knight, P. T. (1999) Interviewing for social scientists: An introductory resource with examples. Sage. Askeland, G. A. and Payne, M. (2001) â€Å"What is Valid Knowledge for Social Workers?† Social Work in Europe, 8 (3): pp. 13-23 Becker, S. Bryman, A. (2004) Understanding Research for Social Policy and Practice: Themes, Methods and Approaches Bristol, The Policy Press Bledsoe, S., Bellamy, J., Mullen, E. Shlonsky, A. (2005) â€Å"From concept to implementation: Challenges facing evidence based social work† Evidence and Policy 1, pp. 143-151 Boyatsiz, RE. (1998) Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development Thousand Oaks, Sage Butler, I. (2002) â€Å"A code of ethics for social work and social care research† British Journal of Social Work 32 (2): pp. 239 -248 Braun, V. Clarke, V. (2006) â€Å"Using thematic analysis in psychology† Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, pp. 77 – 101 Bryman, A. (2008) Social research methods 3rd edition Oxford, Oxford University Press Bryman, A. (2012) Social Work Methods (4th Ed.) Oxford University Press Cheetham, J. (2000) â€Å"The importance of research in the education of care professionals† in Pierce, R. and Weinstein, J. (eds) Innovative Education and Training for Care Professionals. A Providers Guide London, Jessica Kingsley Connelly, M. and Harms, L. (2012) Social Work: From theory to practice Melbourne, Cambridge University Press Davies, MB. (2007) Doing a successful research project: Using qualitative or quantitative methods Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan Davies, H.T.O., Nutley, S.M. and Smith, P.C. (eds) (2000) What works? Evidencebased policy and practice in public services Bristol, The Policy Press Denscombe, M. (1998) The Good Research Guide for Small Scale Social Research Projects Buckingham, Open University Press Department of Health (2005) The Research Governance Framework for Health and Social Care London, Department of Health Dominelli, L. (2005) â€Å"Social work research: Contested knowledge for practice† in Adams, R., Dominelli, L. and Payne, M. (eds) Social Work Futures, London, Palgrave/Macmillan Dominelli, L., Holloway, M. (2008). Ethics and governance in social work research in the UK. British Journal of Social Work, 38(5), 1009-1024. Gomm, R. (2008) Social Research Methodology: a critical introduction, 2nd Edition Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan Herr, K. and Anderson, G. (2005) The action research dissertation: A guide for students and faculty London, SAGE Publications Hugman, R. Smith, D. (1995) Ethical issues in social work: an overview London, Routledge Knight, P. (2002) Small Scale Research London, SAGE Publications Kuper, A. (2008) â€Å"Critically Appraising Qualitative Research† The British Medical Journal 337, pp.1035 – 1043 Lewis, J. (2003) â€Å"Design issues† in Ritchie, J., Lewis, J. (Eds.) Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Marsh, P. and Fisher, M. (2005) Developing the Evidence Base for Social Work and Social Care Practice London, Social Care Institute for Excellence. McLaughlin, H. (2007). Understanding social work research. Sage. Myers, M. (2000) â€Å"Qualitative research and the generalizability question: Standing firm with Proteus.† The qualitative report, 4(3/4): pp. 1-9. Neuman, W. (1997) Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches 3rd Ed. Boston, Allyn and Bacon O’Leary, Z. (2004) The Essential Guide to Doing Research London, Sage Payne, G. Payne, J. (2004) Key Concepts in Social Research London, Sage Rubin, A. Babbie, E. (2007) Essential Methods for Social Work California, Thomson Higher Education Ryan, G. Bernard, H. (2003) â€Å"Techniques to Identify Themes† Field Methods 15, pp. 85-109 Shaw, I. (2003) â€Å"Cutting edge issues in social work research† British Journal of Social Work 33, pp. 1268-1282 Sheldon, B. Chivers, R. (2000) Evidence-based Social Care: A Study of Prospects and Problems Lyme Regis, Russell House Publishing Smith, R. (2009) Doing Social Work Research Berkshire, Open University Press Thurlow Brown, N. (1988) The Curate’s Egg. Unpublished conference paper. North East Essay Mental Health Trust Trinder, L. (2000) ‘Evidence-based practice in social work and probation’, in L. Trinder and S. Reynolds (eds) Evidence-based Practice: A critical appraisal, Oxford: Blackwell Science, pp 138-162.

Beowulf :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Type of Work: Heroic epic poem Setting "Land of the Geats," southern Sweden and Denmark; c. sixth century Principal Characters Beowulf, a Geat hero Hrothgar, King of the Danes Unferth, a Danish warrior Wiglaf, Beowulf's nephew and loyal court noble Story Overview Long ago in Hrothgar's Danish kingdom lived a gruesome monster-giant named Grendel, who nightly roamed the countryside. Rising from his marshy home, he would stalk to the King's high hall, and there devour fifteen of Hrothgar's sleeping warriors. Then, before departing, the monster would seize fifteen more men with his huge arms and bear them back to his watery lair. For twelve years the slaughter continued. Word of this terror spread across the sea to the land of the Geats, ruled by Hygelac. Beowulf, Hygelac's principal advisor and warrior and a man of great strength and courage, heard the tale of Grendel's murderous attacks. Straightway, he set sail to free the Danes from the demon's depredations. In Denmark, a coast-watcher met the weary company of fifteen seafarers. Learning of Beowulf's intended mission, he permitted the Danes to pass. They started out then - the spacious ship remained behind, riding on its rope, ... Figures of boars, bright and fire-hardened, gleamed gold-adorned above the cheek-guards; in war the boar helped guard those fierce men's lives ... To Hrothgar's high hall they marched. There the King spread a banquet feast in Beowulf's honor; the mead cup was passed around, and the boasting began. But the Danish warrior Unferth, "drunken with wine," taunted the Geat, reminding him of a five-day swimming contest in which Beowulf was said to have been bested. The Geat answered boldly, however, that he had not only emerged victorious in the race, but had been forced to kill nine deadly sea-monsters during the course. After the feast, Hrothgar and his warriors went to their rest, leaving Beowulf and his men in the hall. Then came the fiendish Grendel, "with an unlovely light, like a hellish flame in his eyes." The ironbound door burst open at the touch of his fingers, and he rejoiced at the rich feast of human flesh awaiting him. He seized one sleeping warrior, tore him up furiously, bit through muscles and sinews, and drank the blood in streams. Then he quickly consumed the entire corpse "as a wolf might eat a rabbit." He reached toward another victim, but the beast was destined to dine no more that night. Without shield or spear, Beowulf took hold of the dreaded monster, wrenching off his right arm; and the maimed Grendel fled back to his home.

A Captain of Industry

A captain of industry is defined as a business leader that benefits the nation in a positive way. This includes increasing the availability of goods, creating more and new jobs, and donating money to benefit the well being of the people. Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland in 1835. His father, Will, was a failing weaver. Leaving Scotland poor, his mother wanted to return in a carriage as a wealthy well-respected woman of importance. This drove Andrew to become successful by amassing wealth in the steel industry. He came from a poor family and had little formal education. When the Carnegies immigrated to America in 1848, Andrew was determined to bring prosperity to his family. He worked many small jobs, which included working for the Pennsylvania Railroad where he first recognized the importance of steel. With this recognition, he resigned and started the Keystone Bridge Company in 1865. He built a steel-rail mill, and bought out a small steel company. By 1888, he! had a large plant, which provided many jobs in the United States. His steel company grew until it made him the wealthiest man in the world. His wealth was abundant and he believed that â€Å"one who dies rich†¦ ies disgraced,† because of this he donated much of his money to different things to educate people because he believed ignorance to be the main enemy of the people. After retiring Carnegie donated much money and time in world peace. The way Carnegie ran his business, donated his money, and worked hard to try and make the world a better place prove that he was a true captain of industry. Andrew Carnegie†s management of his company showed he was a captain of industry. His treatment of workers was completely different from all other businesses at that time. His workers got higher salaries and shorter shifts. Carnegie used a sliding scale for wages. The pay of the workers would increase if profits went up, and the pay would decrease if profits went down. This was motivation for ! workers to work harder if they wanted higher wages. Here Carnegie shows that he is a captain of industry by offering many jobs, of which benefit the people economically, also by rewarding people for more productivity products are then more available. Carnegie had an impressive way of dealing with workers who went on a strike. He didn†t hire new workers, but instead shut the business down completely and made the strikers eventually give in and agree to his terms. Carnegie had enough money to shut down his business if he wished to do so. This showed he was good at running this industry and, again was a Captain of industry. Carnegie†s goals were to have an efficient way of tracking money, i. e. if someone owed him a penny he wanted it, if he owed a penny he wanted the other person to have it, and once he found the cost to make a product he wanted to find ways to make more products for the same amount of money. Carnegie always wanted to cut the costs of his products. His motto was ! â€Å"Watch the costs, and the profits will take care of themselves. † The production of cheap steel and iron greatly increased the productivity of railroads and many other industries. Once he got his profits back, Carnegie immediately put them back into business. Carnegie also used vertical integration to keep his company strong. All aspects of production, from getting raw materials to shipping finished products, were controlled by the Carnegie Steel Company. These financial practices kept his company very strong. Carnegie†s company was so strong that it kept buying, building, and expanding while other companies went out of business. Carnegie†s steel and iron were used all over the United States to build various things. The immense strength and wealth of Carnegie Steel benefited the United States enormously proving that Carnegie was a captain of industry. Some $350 million of Carnegie†s business profits was donated to causes he saw fit. At first, he wasn†t sure of what to do with a! ll of his money. He said that it was a disgrace to die with so much money not spent for good causes. Carnegie established an idea that wealthy Americans had an obligation to do something beneficial to society. In 1889, Carnegie published an article â€Å"The Gospel of Wealth† arguing what people should do with their money. Carnegie was against giving the money to heirs who would become too dependent on it. He was also against giving it to trustees to give away for causes he may not agree with. His final decision was that the individual who owned money should rely on his own intelligence and personality to distribute the money. Carnegie decided to give money to improve education in the United States. He considered the main enemy of a person to be ignorance and thought that building libraries would help to solve that problem. Andrew Carnegie financed about 2, 800 libraries and other educating institutions such as colleges and universities. He only wanted to help those people who coul! d help themselves. Libraries were the main gifts Carnegie gave to our nation. This quite clearly shows Carnegie was a Captain of industry with him donating his money to benefit all of society. After Carnegie retired from business, he also got involved in world politics. His two main wishes were to abolish the British monarchy and make it adopt the American system, and promote peace throughout the world. Carnegie wrote various articles and books and soon became an unofficial diplomat in the cause of reducing differences and promoting peace. He believed that countries should resolve their differences by nonviolent methods. Carnegie was one of the first to call for League of Nations. In 1900, he donated $1,500,000 to build Palace of Peace, which serves today at International Court of Justice, an arm of the United Nations. In 1910, he set up an Endowment for International Peace to stop all the war conflicts in the world. Business, education and world peace all progressed thanks to! the hard work and well earned money of Andrew Carnegie. Obviously by promoting world peace, which would clearly benefit society, Andrew Carnegie is a Captain of Industry. Carnegie†s business ways, charity, and efforts in world peace show he was a captain of industry. After coming to America a failure Carnegie worked his hardest to climb the â€Å"ladder† to become the wealthiest man in the world. The way he handled workers, cut costs, and used vertical integration proved he knew how to run his business in the steel industry to perfection. The steel industry made Carnegie a very wealthy man and with this wealth, believing â€Å"One who dies rich†¦ dies disgraced,† he donated his money to various causes benefiting society. Retired, Carnegie dedicated much of his time to trying to attain peace in the world and changing Britain†s ways of government, obviously bettering society. A Captain of industry is a business leader who benefits the nation in a positive way and Carnegie defines this.

Fully Homomorphic Encryption and cryptography Essays

Fully Homomorphic Encryption and cryptography Essays Fully Homomorphic Encryption and cryptography Essay Fully Homomorphic Encryption and cryptography Essay Introduction Transfering files between machines ( and users ) is a common day-to-day happening although the confidentiality of the information is a basic status. Now job was how to procure them from accidental addressee from detecting the information, which are supposed to confidential and probably on hazard if prepared well-known to negligent parties. In each of these instances, it s of import to cognize what options are available to acquire your file from point A to point B and to grok whether the technique you choose provides sufficient security given the sensitiveness of the informations being transferred. Cryptography is ability of secret text, or more exactly of stock up resource ( for a long or shorter period of clip ) in a form which allows it to be revealed to those you wish to see it yet hides it from all others. A cryptosystem is a technique to carry through this. Cryptanalysis is to set into pattern to get the better of such enterprises to conceal information. Cryptology comprises of both cryptanalysis and cryptanalytics. : The alone information to be hidden is called plaintext . The hidden information is called ciphertext . Encoding or Decryption is any modus operandi to change over plaintext into ciphertext. A cryptosystem is designed so that decoding can be consummated merely under certain conditions, which normally means merely by individuals in control of both a decoding engine ( these yearss, by and large a computing machine plan ) and a punctilious piece in sequence, called the decoding key, which is supplied to the decoding engine in the class of decoding. Plaintext is transformed into ciphertext by procedure of an encoding engine ( once more, by and large a computing machine plan ) whose operation is fixed and determinate ( the encoding method ) however which maps in pattern in a manner dependant on a piece of information ( the encoding key ) which has a major consequence on the end product of the encoding procedure. The chief intent was to do certain privateness while you reassigning your private informations from one topographic point to another topographic point do non count electronically or via users. There were many strategy but really complicated to follow them and most of import less security. So clip by clip many scientists discover different techniques but Gentry s technique â€Å"Fully Homomorphic Encryption† got a enormous value against all technique. All others techniques were executing good but with limitation but Gentry s strategy user can execute limitless action. Aim Cloud calculating Literature reappraisal â€Å"Homomorphic encoding is a paradigm that refers to the ability, given encodings of some messages, to bring forth an encoding of a value that is related to the original messages. Speci?cally, this ability means that from encodings of K messages ( M1, †¦ , mk ) , it is possible to bring forth an encoding of m* = degree Fahrenheit ( M1, †¦ , mk ) for some ( expeditiously estimable ) map f. Ideally, one may desire the homomorphically generated encoding of m* to be distributed identically ( or statistically near ) to a standard encoding of m* . We call strategies that have this belongings strongly homomorphic. Indeed, some proposed encoding strategies are strongly homomorphic w. r. t some algebraic operations such as add-on or multiplication.† ( Rothblum R, 2010 ) . â€Å"An encoding method is presented with the fresh belongings that publically uncovering an encoding key does non thereby uncover the corresponding decoding key. This has two of import effects: 1. Messengers or other secure agencies are non needed to convey keys, since a message can be enciphered utilizing an encoding key publically revealed by the intended receiver. Merely he can decode the message, since merely he knows the corresponding decoding key. 2. A message can be â€Å"signed† utilizing a in private held decoding key. Anyone can verify this signature utilizing the corresponding publically revealed encoding key. Signatures can non be forged, and a signer can non subsequently deny the cogency of his signature. This has obvious applications in â€Å"electronic mail† and â€Å"electronic financess transfer† systems.† ( Rivest et al, 1978 ) â€Å"Homomorphic encoding enables â€Å"computing with encrypted data† and is therefore a utile tool for secure protocols. Current homomorphic public key systems have limited homomorphic belongingss: given two ciphertexts Encrypt ( PK, x ) and Encrypt ( PK, Y ) , anyone can calculate either the amount Encrypt ( PK, x+y ) , or the merchandise Encrypt ( PK, xy ) , but non both.† ( Boneh et al, 2006 ) ARMONK, N.Y 25 Jun 2009: â€Å"An IBMResearcher has solved a thorny mathematical job that has confounded scientists since the innovation of public-key encoding several decennaries ago. The discovery, called privateness homomorphy, or to the full homomorphic encoding, makes possible the deep and limitless analysis of encrypted information informations that has been deliberately scrambled without giving confidentiality.† ( IBM, 2009 ) â€Å"We suggest the first to the full homomorphic encoding strategy, work outing a cardinal unfastened job in cryptanalysis. Such a strategy allows one to calculate arbitrary maps over encrypted informations without the decoding key i.e. , given encodings E ( M1 ) , †¦ , E ( meitnerium ) of M1, †¦. , mtone can expeditiously calculate a compact ciphertext that encrypts degree Fahrenheit ( M1, †¦. , meitnerium ) for any expeditiously estimable map ? . This job was posed by Rivest et Al. in 1978.† ( Gentry C, 2009 ) â€Å"Searching databases is normally done in the clear. And even if the question is encrypted, it has to be decrypted ( uncovering its contents ) before it can be used by a hunt engine. What s worse is that databases themselves are stored as plaintext, available to anyone deriving entree. The smarter manner to manage sensitive information would be to code the questions, encrypt the database and hunt it in its encrypted signifier. Impossible until now, IBM s T.J. Watson Research Center ( Yorktown Heights, N.Y. ) late described a homomorphic encoding strategy that allows encrypted informations to be searched, sorted and processed without decoding it. Fully homomorphic encoding strategies theoretically allow ciphertext to be manipulated every bit easy as plaintext, doing it perfect for modern cloud computer science, where your informations is located remotely.† ( Johnson R C, 2009 ) Body History of Cryptography In earliest epoch communications or correspondence among recipient and letter writer were merely possible through highly safe and sound manner like loyal pigeon, physically or any other beginning but must be trusted. That was a clip when it was really tough to believe or swear on available beginnings. There was a small uncertainty and large hazard for the transmitter was if transporter discloses the information so any one can harm them. Increasingly a freshly thoughts came with universe called Cryptography/Encryption† means this is a technique in which the transmitter encrypts the communicating utilizing proper key and it s merely possible for receiving system to decode it if he possessed the key. Key based Encryption. In cardinal based encoding keys are the most of import portion of making new ciphertext. A sequence of little piece used by and large in cryptanalysis, allowing people to encrypt/decrypt facts and the same key can be used to transport out extra mathematical concern every bit good. Specified a secret message, a key established the connexion with the sequence to the ciphertext.The key we use for a particular cryptosystem has worth so whenever this key used to ciphertext, ever lets the encrypted communicating to be decrypted and ever making contrary like encrypt the plaintext. In ancient epoch because computation was really hard so they prefer to utilize non drawn-out keys in regard of spots but on the other manus it s safe to utilize longer key. Communications besides one can code in n-bit blocks. It is true that the longer a key is, more hard for one to interrupt the encrypted message. Encodings consist of two classs. Private Key or Symmetric Key Encryption Public Key or Asymmetric Key Encryption Private Key / Symmetric Key Encryption This was 1000s of old ages ago when Julian Caesar used this strategy to direct his communicating to his military. He used really simple key based authoritative cryptanalytic algorithm in which he merely shifted each missive with preplanned cardinal figure 4. In his algorithm key varies so that s why we can non think what figure he will utilize following. Let s take said figure 4 which means â€Å"A† will trade with â€Å"D† and â€Å"B† will trade with â€Å"G† and so on â€Å"X† will trade with â€Å"A† etc. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABC The same missive altering technique was utile to little instance correspondence and besides covering around the letters every bit good. ( S. Tewksbury ) . Cryptography history is really old so we can split it in to two classs. Authoritative epoch Cryptography Computer epoch Cryptanalysis In authoritative epoch there was no computing machine or any electronic machine to work out this job so people were used pen and paper to unreveal the truth of letters. Julian Caesar technique is authoritative epoch pattern. Until WWII all cryptanalysis techniques are none as authoritative epoch cryptanalysis. After WWII development of machine made cryptanalysis life really complex and that clip was really easy to interrupt all authoritative clip encodings largely called key based techniques. Key word was really of import in these patterns and because of the key it was really easy to interrupt through encoding algorithm. ROT13 is the best pattern of encoding algorithm which we know its celebrated name Caesar cypher and this is extension of Julian Caesar strategy. The most utile technique was ROT13 in which they used hole cardinal 13 to code the letters. This algorithm was really celebrated in the beginning of computing machine epoch and anyone wants to utilize ROT13 strategy, both si de parties must utilize the same key to code and decode the codification. This key called secret key. The development of the machine set a stander in regard of cardinal codifications and so everyone prepared a codification book to portion as a cardinal codification book. For illustration in ROT13 merely they rotate the letters by 13 topographic points. Application of this strategy is really easy like Julius Caesar technique where he swapped letters with fix cardinal 4 and now in ROT13 with cardinal 13 and wrapping around like â€Å"a† become â€Å"n† and â€Å"m† become â€Å"z† and wrapper continue if necessary but the job was user can play merely English alphabet. The beauty of this technique was it made its map its ain opposite like for any text ten we can compose its map mathematically reverse of ROT13 ( x ) or ROT13 ( ROT13 ( x ) ) where ten is belong to a character which one wants to code. This characteristic furthermore called an involution in arithmetic and a give-and-take codification in cryptanalysis. This scheme work as below ABCDEFGHIJKLM abcdefghijklm NOPQRSTUVWXYZ nopqrstuvwxyz In this strategy job was once more if person steel or rob your informations so it is really easy to decrypt it. This is non sensible cryptanalytic proposal even though it s known as secret key cryptosystem. If we observe closely the ROT13 is partly homomorphic peculiarly with regard to the concatenation map because it has a mutual belongings. Let s compose a map to turn out its homomorphic belongings utilizing secret key 13, in this map we encrypt the text utilizing said algorithm and we will add the encrypted text to see its homomorphic belongings and so eventually decode the consequence. Java ROT13 Code. import java.util. * ; public category ROT13 { inactive int ten, y, n, fx, cubic decimeter, m ; public inactive nothingness chief ( Stringing [ ] args ) { Scanner sc=new Scanner ( System.in ) ; System.out.println ( Enter your text ) ; Stringing T = sc.nextLine ( ) ; int j=0 ; int key=13 ; for ( int i=0 ; i lt ; t.length ( ) ; i++ ) { char ch3 = t.charAt ( J ) ; if ( ch3 gt ; = a A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = m ) ch3 += key ; else if ( ch3 gt ; = n A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = z ) ch3 -= key ; else if ( ch3 gt ; = A A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = M ) ch3 += key ; else if ( ch3 gt ; = A A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = Z ) ch3 -= key ; System.out.print ( ch3 ) ; j++ ; } } } End product Enter your text HelloWorld UryybJbeyq The above algorithm is really unsophisticated algorithm to exemplify how ROT13 strategy plants and in above end product â€Å"Uryyb Jbeyq† is encrypted cipher formed with above algorithm. To look into its homomorphic belongings now anyone can interrupt this cypher text and so use a concatenation ( add-on operator ) to this text. After acquiring a new text anyone can use ROT13 algorithm to decrypt it to see if he/she is acquiring the original text. import java.util. * ; public category ROT13 { inactive int ten, y, n, fx, cubic decimeter, m ; public inactive nothingness chief ( Stringing [ ] args ) { Scanner sc=new Scanner ( System.in ) ; System.out.println ( Enter yout text ) ; Stringing T = sc.nextLine ( ) ; int j=0 ; int key=13 ; for ( int i=0 ; i lt ; t.length ( ) ; i++ ) { char ch3 = t.charAt ( J ) ; if ( ch3 gt ; = a A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = m ) ch3 += key ; else if ( ch3 gt ; = n A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = z ) ch3 -= key ; else if ( ch3 gt ; = A A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = M ) ch3 += key ; else if ( ch3 gt ; = A A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = Z ) ch3 -= key ; System.out.print ( ch3 ) ; j++ ; } System.out.println ( ) ; System.out.println ( Enter yout 2nd text ) ; Stringing t1 = sc.nextLine ( ) ; int j1=0 ; int key1=13 ; for ( int i1=0 ; i1 lt ; t1.length ( ) ; i1++ ) { char ch3 = t1.charAt ( j1 ) ; if ( ch3 gt ; = a A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = m ) ch3 += key1 ; else if ( ch3 gt ; = n A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = z ) ch3 -= key1 ; else if ( ch3 gt ; = A A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = M ) ch3 += key1 ; else if ( ch3 gt ; = A A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = Z ) ch3 -= key1 ; System.out.print ( ch3 ) ; j1++ ; } System.out.println ( ) ; System.out.println ( Enter the 1st encrypted result= ) ; Stringing a=sc.nextLine ( ) ; System.out.println ( ) ; System.out.println ( Enter the 2st encrypted result= ) ; Stringing a1=sc.nextLine ( ) ; Stringing con = a+a1 ; System.out.print ( con ) ; System.out.println ( ) ; int j2=0 ; int key2=13 ; for ( int i2=0 ; i2 lt ; con.length ( ) ; i2++ ) { char ch3 = con.charAt ( j2 ) ; if ( ch3 gt ; = a A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = m ) ch3 += key2 ; else if ( ch3 gt ; = n A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = z ) ch3 -= key2 ; else if ( ch3 gt ; = A A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = M ) ch3 += key2 ; else if ( ch3 gt ; = A A ; A ; ch3 lt ; = Z ) ch3 -= key2 ; System.out.print ( ch3 ) ; j2++ ; } } } End product Enter the 1st encrypted result=Uryyb Enter the 2st encrypted result=Jbeyq UryybJbeyq HelloWorld Explanation of Output Text a = Encrypt ( 13, Hello ) ; a = Uryyb Text B = Encrypt ( 13, World ) ; b = Jbeyq Text degree Celsius = Concat ( a, B ) ; c = UryybJbeyq Text vitamin D = Decrypt ( 13, degree Celsius ) ; 500 = HelloWorld As we can see clearly that we used an add-on ( concat ) belongings to code the text but after this we got the same consequence as we got without utilizing concat. This belongings demonstrates that ROT13 is partly homomorphic strategy with regard of add-on. The job start with this technique when machine came in to being and it was easy to interrupt secret codification and even drawback of this strategy was Numberss because user merely were to able to code alphabetic. Then bit by bit, ROT47 new strategy introduced and this strategy was derived from ROT13 as-well. Inside this strategy there was a large boundary line for its users so now they were able to play with Numberss and particular characters. ROT47 exercising a larger alphabet, ensuing from a regularcharacter programmingwell-known asAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII ) . The ASCII is a 7-bit codification to match to English alphabet construction and these codifications are in pattern to typify informations which includes Numberss used in cardinal processing unit, interactions engineering and extra associated mechanism. The first publication of this standard codification was in 1967 so subsequently restructured and produced as â€Å"ANSI X3.4-1968† , at that clip as â€Å"ANSI X3.4-1977† and at last as â€Å"ANSI X3.4-1986† . It is given that, it is a seven-bit codification and it preserves the largest portion typifying 128 characters. It soon characterize 95 printable characters together with 26 upper-case letters ( A to Z ) , 26 lower-case letters ( a to omega ) , 10 Numberss ( 0 to 9 ) and 33 particular characters every bit good as arithmetic marks, punctuation Markss and infinite character. . ( Maini A K, 2007 ) However ROT13 introduced with new values of its alphabets individually both capital and smaller. Unlike ROT13, ROT47 was besides non able to protect your text at all. This strategy is besides holding homomorphic belongings like add-on. If closely observe the both scheme so we will be able to see that there is merely small difference in both strategies. Both working form is same, both covering with alphabets but ROT47 got advantage because this strategy trade with Numberss and single characters. In this method ASCII cypher connect to merchandise letters or Numberss during encryption/decryption. Knowledge of ASCII codifications to one lead to delight the facts. So here this strategy becomes the same like ROT13, so failure of this strategy one time once more engagement of the secret key. Is Symmetric Key Encryption Secure? ROT13 encoding strategy is non secured at all because the codification of this strategy you can decrypt really easy. This was the disadvantage of this strategy. The ground we encrypt our transcript is to do it protected from illicit entree nevertheless this strategy merely consist of 26 characters which is really simple to decode even from side to side a common individual who have an entree to the written text. For illustration: Anyone wishes to code â€Å"atotaa† , after that the cypher we will accomplish â€Å"ngbgnn† which is really effortless to work out through repeat of â€Å"a A ; g† . ROT47 was fresh encoding strategy derived from ROT13and besides another illustration of symmetric cardinal encoding but spot hard. In ROT47 traveling the basic missive fleetly like ROT13 with given replacement of ASCII. In this strategy one can take attention of Numberss and many other particular characters as a replacement of the basic 26 letters nevertheless awareness of ASCII codifications can demo the manner to one to seek out the facts. Consequently, at this point this strategy bend into insecure class like ROT13, so failure of this strategy was one time once more its ain typical part of the ASCII codifications. Public Key or Asymmetric Key Encryption An of import part in the peak field that clip named â€Å"public-key cryptography† fulfilled by Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman and Ralph Merkle in 1976 when they introduce an elegant cryptosystem for a public-key. The major difference as comparison to prior strategy was one excess key named as public key. The public key presume to be used for encoding and so private key will utilize to decoding. Cryptanalysis has been a derivative security entireness once a secure channel exists along which keys can be transmitted, the security can be extended to other channels of higher bandwidth or smaller hold by coding the messages sent on them. The consequence has been to restrict the usage of cryptanalysis to communications among people who have made anterior readying for cryptanalytic security. ( W Diffie and M Hellman, 1976 ) ABOVE NOT COMPLETE YET RSA respected the thought of Diffie et Al and in 1978 they introduced first public key algorithm in public at MIT Byron Rivest, Adi Shamir, andLeonard Adleman. They illustrate what is predetermined by a trapdoor cypher, but how do you build one? One normally used of the secret message of this type is called RSA encoding, wherever RSA are the initials of three instigators which are Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman. It is based on the thought below ; it is merely multiply Numberss together, peculiarly with the aid of computing machines ground, factorisation of this Numberss could be hard. To acquire them, one needs to factor N, which seems to be an highly complex job. But precisely how is N used to encode a message, and how are p and Qs used to decrypt it? Below is presented a complete illustration, although there will be used infinitesimal premier Numberss so it is easy to follow the arithmetic. Actually in RSA encoding strategy they used really large premier Numberss. As per them it makes scheme more secure because in their algorithm they need to factorise the figure to acquire the consequence. If person utilizing little figure so it s easy to factorise the figure but it is non the same with large figure. Therefore, they in their algorithm they used cardinal size 768-bit for ordinary usage and they suggest 1024-bit cardinal size for commercial usage but for extremely of import information cardinal size should be dual ( 2048-bit ) as comparison to concern cardinal size merely for head satisfaction sing security menace. RSA advised to one and all refering their strategy that how scheme work to acquire ain encoding and decoding key if any want utilizing their method. First measure decide two separate premier Numberss like P, Q. Later than multiply whole numbers pq and make n = pq populace. Exposing n in populace will assist one to conceal original whole numbers like Q A ; q and now it will be really hard for illicit individual to happen original whole numbers p amp ; Q because factorisation will be really difficult for large premier Numberss. This accomplishment will assist to conceal the value of multiplicative opposite vitamin D and the manner derived from co-prime e. Choosing large whole number vitamin D but vitamin D must relatively premier with ? ( ( p-1 ) . ( q-1 ) ) and must carry through the status of greater common devisor gcd ( vitamin D, ( p-1 ) ( q-1 ) ) . Finally one can calculate the whole number vitamin E â€Å"1 lt ; e lt ; ? ( N ) † , from P, Q and vitamin D will be the mu ltiplicative opposite. Following above boring method one can decode or code. Mathematically Implementation of RSA algorithm RSA algorithm stairss below Two premier whole numbers p=61 and q=53 Multiply both premier whole numbers n = pq = 61.53=3233. The value of n afterward used as modulus for public and private key. Calculate ? ( N ) = ( p-1 ) . ( q-1 ) = 3120. Where ? is Euler s totient map. For the value of vitamin E = 17 choice any whole number from 1 lt ; e lt ; ? ( N ) and chosen whole number must fulfill this status where gcd ( vitamin E, ? ( n ) ) = 1. One can reason 500 = e-1 mod ? ( N ) . The value of vitamin D = 2753 will be utilizing in private cardinal advocate so supervising of this key is indispensable. Drawn-out Euclidean algorithm helps to find the vitamin D. Thepublic keywill be ( n= 3233, e= 17 ) and for text m the encoding map is m17 mod ? ( N ) . Theprivate keyis ( n= 3233, d= 2753 ) and for the encrypted text degree Celsius decoding map will be four hundred mod ? ( N ) . For illustration: Encryptm= 65, we compute c= 6517 ( mod 3233 ) = 2790. For decryptc= 2790, we calculate m= 27902753 ( mod 3233 ) = 65. Using the above drilling nevertheless easy for a computing machine to cipher, One can decrypt other s message and obtain the original message m = 65. Java Code for RSA Algorithm: public category RSACode { inactive long ten, y, n, fx, cubic decimeter, m ; inactive int P, Q, vitamin E, Tennessee ; public inactive nothingness chief ( Stringing [ ] args ) { Scanner sc=new Scanner ( System.in ) ; System.out.println ( Please enter ist premier no P ) ; P =sc.nextInt ( ) ; System.out.println ( Please enter 2nd premier no Q ) ; Q =sc.nextInt ( ) ; n=p*q ; System.out.println ( p*q = n +n ) ; //Totientof Ns tn= ( p-1 ) * ( q-1 ) ; System.out.println ( Totation of Tennessee ( pq ) = +tn ) ; int k=tn ; for ( int i=1 ; i lt ; tn ; i++ ) { int fi= ( int ) ( Math.pow ( 2, I ) +1 ) ; l=fi ; while ( tn % fi! =0 ) { int R = ( tn % fi ) ; Tennessee = fi ; fi = R ; } if ( fi==1 ) System.out.println ( GCD Of + [ +k+ , +l+ ] is +fi+ Recommended for you ) ; } System.out.println ( So please usage +l+ as vitamin E ) ; System.out.println ( Enter figure to exponent vitamin E ) ; e=sc.nextInt ( ) ; for ( int d=1 ; d lt ; k ; d++ ) if ( ( e*d ) % k==1 ) System.out.println ( The value of e^-1 mod n= vitamin D == +d ) ; System.out.println ( Enter the above valu of vitamin D ) ; int d1=sc.nextInt ( ) ; System.out.println ( Enter figure to code ) ; m=sc.nextInt ( ) ; //encryption map is hundred = ( thousand ^ vitamin E ) /n ; dual encoding = ( Math.pow ( m, e ) % n ) ; System.out.println ( encoding Key = + encoding ) ; System.out.println ( The value of d= e^-1 mod N == +d1 ) ; dual decrypt = ( Math.pow ( encoding, d1 ) % n ) ; System.out.println ( encoding + to decoding is = + decrypt ) ; OUT PUT Please enter ist premier no P 5 Please enter 2nd premier no Q 7 p*q = n 35 Totation of Tennessee ( pq ) = 24 GCD Of [ 24,5 ] is1Recommended for you GCD Of [ 24,9 ] is1Recommended for you So please usage 9 as vitamin E Enter figure to exponent vitamin E 5 The value of e-1 mod n= vitamin D ==5 Enter the above value of vitamin D 5 Enter figure to code 9 encoding Key =4.0 The value of d= e-1 mod N ==5 4.0to decoding is =9.0 The above Java codification works all right on little premier whole numbers with little exponential power and little value of vitamin D ( multiplicative opposite ) . OUT PUT Please enter ist premier no P 61 Please enter 2nd premier no Q 53 p*q = N 3233 Totation of Tennessee ( pq ) = 3120 GCD Of [ 3120,17 ] is1Recommended for you So please usage 17 as vitamin E Enter figure to exponent vitamin E 17 The value of e-1 mod n= vitamin D ==2753 Enter the above value of vitamin D 2753 Enter figure to code 65 encoding Key =887.0 The value of d= e-1 mod N ==2753 887.0to decoding is =NaN The same Java codification work perfect on large Numberss but there you need different informations types to set the end product value the mistake NaN means informations type mismatch. Practically Implementation An RSA operation whether coding, decoding, sign language, or verifying is basically a modular involution. This calculation is executed with a sequence of modular generations. In practical utilizations, it is general to choose a little public advocate for the public key. In world, full group of users preserve to utilize the fiting public advocate, every one through a different modulus. However there are few boundaries on the premier factors of the modulus when the public advocate is set. For the ground of this it creates encoding more quickly than decoding and confirmation quicker than sign language. Through the typical modular power algorithms used to set into pattern the RSA algorithm, public-key operations takeO ( K2 ) stairss, private-key operations take O ( k3 ) stairss, and cardinal coevals takesO ( k4 ) stairss, wherekis the figure of spots in the modulus. ( RSA 2010 ) Is RSA Work Secure? This strategy is non to the full procure on the basses of following onslaughts Elementary onslaught Low private advocate onslaught Low private advocate onslaught Implementation onslaught Boneh et al Homomorphic Encoding ( Boneh D, 1999 ) examined the RSA cryptosystem, was original exposed in the 1977-1978 subject of â€Å"Scientific American† . The cryptosystem is chiefly by and large in pattern for offering confidentiality and enfranchisement cogency of digital informations. In those yearss RSA was positioned in many large concern organisations. It is used by web waiters and browsers to safe web transportation, it is used to do certain confidentiality and legitimacy of correspondence, it is used to safe distant login stage, and it is at the bosom of electronic credit-card payment method. However, RSA is normally take portion in significances anyplace safety of digital informations is on hazard. In position of the fact of first publication, the RSA strategy evaluates meant for failing through a batch of testers. However since 1977 to 1999, tester have direct to a many interesting onslaughts but non any of them is critical. They typically demonstrate the hazard of violative usage of RSA. Decidedly, protected executing of RSA is a nontrivial occupation. Twenty old ages of research into inverting the RSA service created assorted perceptive onslaughts, other than no flooring onslaught has of all time been discovered. The onslaughts exposed so far largely demonstrate the drawbacks which one can avoid one time applying RSA. Currently comes into position that right applications can offer confidence to afford protection in the electronic Earth. Openattacks on RSA strategy: Chosen chipper onslaught is really celebrated in cryptanalysis in it attacker gathered information in pieces and so treat it. This onslaught claimed against RSA in 1998 by Y. Desmedt and A. M. Odlyzko. Harmonizing to RSA take two premier Numberss to cipher Ns so use ? ( N ) for modulus in encoding and decoding but if any enemy used beastly force onslaught on their public key ( N, vitamin E ) to happen the factorisation and every bit good as their ? ( n ) . On the other manus if we assume that merely large premier figure merely allowed in RSA so it will impact the velocity of the strategy because public presentation depend on n-bit key. While coding with non large encoding protagonist e= 3 and little values of them like m lt ; n1/e the consequence ofmeis steadfastly less than the modulusn. In this instance, ciphertext can be merely decrypted by taking theeth root of the ciphertext over the whole numbers. Another onslaught was if sender send a field clear message to e or more beneficiary after encrypted and the receivers administer the similar exponente, except differentintegers p, q, andn, in that instance it is simple to decrypt the plaintext utilizing theChinese balance theorem.HastadJ become cognizant of that, this onslaught is accomplishable still if the plaintexts are non indistinguishable, nevertheless the aggressor acknowledge a additive relation among them.Afterward Don Coppersmith enhanced this onslaught which was low advocate. RSA has the belongings that the generation of two encrypted text is the same to the encoding of the merchandise of the single plaintexts. That isâ€Å"† since of this multiplicative belongings achosen ciphertext attackis possible. For illustration an aggressor, who needs to place the decoding of a ciphertextc=me ( modn ) perchance will bespeak the proprietor of the private key to decode an guiltless looking ciphertextc =re degree Celsius ( modn ) for random rselected by the aggressor. For the ground that of the multiplicative propertycis the encoding of Mister ( modn ) . Therefore, if the aggressor is unconquered with the onslaught so he will be able discovermr ( modn ) and so he will develop the messagemby multiplyingmrwith the modular opposite ofr modulon. These above most recent onslaughts demonstrate that a survey of the cardinal mathematical agreement is unequal. In response of factorising N is really easy Rivest at EL discarded Dan Boneh statement. He said it does non intend that if RSA algorithm utilizing little e=3 or e=17 can do easy computation for little figure but it is non stand foring that RSA job is easier. He besides added that professional method still non discovered. On retrieving private cardinal utilizing public key at this clip he said it is still on hazard and he recommended that, if client will catch big factors so opponent can non calculate his private key. However he besides said that the expostulation on low public advocate can be avoided because in corporate it is non conceder. Cushioned strategy is available for those who concerns and for digital signature little vitamin E does non do any difference. He besides code CCA claimed in 1998 which he replied that to get the better of chosen ciphertext onslaughts, scientists twisted their ego to likely arbitrary â€Å"padding† method that convert a plaintext before encoding. ( Rivest et al, 2003 ) . Kocher claimed a new onslaught against RSA called clip onslaught where he said retrieving RSA private key procedure depend on ciphering R = yx mod N, in which N is unfastened and Y can be created through undercover agent. The aggressor s object is to happen ten, the belowground key. For this intent, the sick person has to work out yx mod N for some values of Y, where Y, N, and the computation clip must recognized to the aggressor. If a fresh unrevealed advocate ten is preferred for every action, so the onslaught will non work. The indispensable information and timing gift power demands to be achieved through reflexively descrying on an synergistic protocol, because an aggressor will enter the communicating acknowledged by the victim and work out the sum of clip in usage to answer to every Y. The onslaught thinks that the aggressor acknowledge the graph of the mark construction, while in exercising this could perchance be incidental from clocking information. ( Kocher P C, 1995 ) Timing onslaughts are typically used to assail lame computation of machines like smartcards. They illustrate that clocking onslaughts affect to common runing systems. Intentionally, they work out a timing onslaught against OpenSSL. Their work demonstrates that they can take out personal keys from an OpenSSL base web waiter runing on a system in the limited web. They develop and execute a timing onslaught against OpenSSL ; papers normally used for web waiters and excess SSL petitions. Their purposed test explains that, get down to complete dependence the timing onslaught is utile when accepted among devices separated via many routers. Furthermore, the timing onslaught is successful among two undertakings over the same machine and two Virtual Machines on the same computing machine. Consequence of this attempt, some crypto libraries, together with OpenSSL, presently applies blinding by default in their package. ( Boneh D and Burmley D, 2003 ) . One method to avoid these onslaughts is to do certain that the decoding actions will acquire an equal sum of clip for every ciphertext. Harmonizing to Boneh the values being encrypted prevarication in a little scope as is the instance when coding spots. These homomorphic belongingss enable us to measure multivariate multinomials of entire degree 2 given the encrypted inputs. We described a figure of applications of the system. Most notably, utilizing our encoding strategy, we ( I ) reduced the sum of communicating in the basic measure of the Kushilevitz Ostrovsky PIR, ( two ) improved the e?ciency of election systems based on homomorphic encoding, and ( three ) implemented universally veri?able secure calculation. We hope this strategy will hold many other applications. He ends up with a twosome of unfastened jobs related to our encoding strategy: n-linear maps. The multiplicative homomorphy was possible due to belongingss of bilinear maps. We note that an n-linear map would enable us to measure multinomials of entire degree n instead than merely quadratic multinomials. This provides yet another motive for building cryptanalytic n-linear maps. Message infinite there strategy was limited in the size of message infinite due to the demand to calculate distinct logarithms during decoding. An encoding strategy that allows for a big message infinite would enable more applications, such as an e?cient shared RSA cardinal coevals. Decision File system was used to hive away informations before informations base system began. In file system as we all know there was limited informations sharing, drawn-out development clip and inordinate care. In every field scientist was seeking difficult to do it better so in computing machine field they brought the thought to hive away information someplace in proper form where anybody who need information can acquire easy when needed. This attempt was really utile in respect clip and cost economy. In this current progress epoch we managed to detect cyberspace. Internet was a great revolution to get the better of time/speed and we as a client/provider start working fast in this society to supply or acquire better installations. When they start working on this thought so there was security issue. In security issue how to procure informations from those who are non entitle to see personal or private information. It was bit easy to procure informations on each personal computing machine bu t still non procure for client point of position or where they need to interchange the informations with client electronically or manual. Database waiters are the most of import waiters for any company or organisation. These waiters store client inside informations, fiscal information, human resource inside informations all the informations that keeps company in concern and, as such, they need to be secure. Encoding strategies were introduced clip by clip and were working successfully in each epoch and every related scientist tried to do it better and better twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. But before any encoding strategy all secret messages were used to present manus by manus and here they need really dependable individual, whom we can swear. To carry through this trust so scientist start working on it to turn out this trust or security. In universe war epoch, scientist introduce word barter strategy which they called ROT13 that strategy was good and easy to utilize and got a homomorphic belongings with regard to concat operation but was non secure at all. The other disadvantage was that you merely can use on characters ( a-z and A-Z ) and besides was non unafraid. The other technique ROT47 which was based on ASCII codification discovered but once more was non unafraid because if person knows about these ASCII codification can easy decrypt your private text and besides was real ly easy to decrypt. In 1978 RSA introduced a first algorithm for new encoding technique which is based on secret key and public key. In which the lone individual personally can decrypt text otherwise no 1 will be able to decrypt. This strategy is really merely to multiply Numberss together, particularly with computing machines but it can be really hard to factories the Numberss. This strategy is homomorphic in regard of generation. Still we need something where user can utilize different operation freely. This strategy was secure because they ever consider large Numberss and to interrupt them it was non easy for unauthorised individuals. RSA strategy was depend on secret key and it was a large job to manus over a secret key to the receiving system. In 2006 professor Boneh at el introduced a new homomorphic belongings in regard to add-on and generation but user merely can utilize one at a clip. Still end-users were non to the full option free so in 2009 Craig Gentry contributed his singular work in the f ield of encoding before the security analysis in these anterior plants was informal, and concrete parametric quantities were either non set at all, or set to trivially breakable values. The strategy is trivially broken when considered as a cryptanalytic strategy, irrespective of the pick of parametric quantities. This is justi?ed in their instance since the adversary theoretical account they considered is really weak. In fact, prior to gentry s work at that place was widespread belief in the cryptanalytic community that schemes of this signifier are inherently insecure, due to the onslaughts that Gentry describe in his thesis subdivision 5. Hence, one of the parts of Gentry s work is to indicate out that with an appropriate pick of parametric quantities, this simple strategy can be made to defy all known onslaughts. Second, and more significantly, neither of the plants mentioned above even considered multiplicative homomorphy, and speci?c instantiations ( when given ) did non back up even a individual generation. Thus, another part of this work is to detect that non merely can this strategy made to back up generations, but it can be used within Gentry s design to build a to the full homomorphic encoding strategy. Somewhat homomorphic encoding strategy utilizing merely simple modular arithmetic, and use Gentry s techniques to change over it into a to the full homomorphic strategy where user can execute limitless figure of operation. Bruce Schneier ( 2009 ) criticized the IBM imperativeness releaseregarding Gentry s work harmonizing to his reading, that Gentry s strategy was practical for existent applications, today. It is nt ; the computational and informations storage operating expenses are far excessively high. However, this takes nil off from Gentry s accomplishment ; he has shown that to the full homomorphic encoding is really possible. Indeed, Schneier concludes. This imperativeness release could non damage Gentry s triumph repute. Fully homomorphic strategy starts new epoch in footings of legerity, care, security, cost and dependability in cloud calculating field. Microsoft and other planetary companies are besides acquiring benefits from this technique and cost benefit is no longer a large issue. Encryption was normally used in protecting information within many sorts of civilian systems. Harmonizing to Computer Security Institutereported that in 2007, 71 % of companies surveyed utilised encoding for some of their informations in theodolite, and 53 % utilised encoding for some of their informations in storage. Now after the success of Gentry s strategy this can conceive of about all companies utilizing this chance to procure their private informations in clouds. Infect this strategy cogent evidence and nailed its characteristic in term to supply security while users busy to calculate the information. The outstanding attack of the strategy is that it can protect the confidentiality of communicating itself but other techniques are still needed to protect the unity and genuineness of the communicating. This â€Å"Fully Homomorphic Encryption† attack inspired most of its users and now it is governing the universe with its enormous benefits and characteristics.

MGMT302Chapter 13 Essay

MGMT302Chapter 13 Essay MGMT302Chapter 13 Essay 13 CHAPTER 13 MRP and ERP McGraw-Hill/Irwin Operations Management, Eighth Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright  © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights MRP ï  ® Material requirements planning (MRP): Computer-based information system that translates master schedule requirements for end items into time-phased requirements for subassemblies, components, and raw materials. Independent and Independent Demand Dependent Demand Dependent Demand A C(2) B(4) D(2) E(1) D(3) F(2) Independent demand is uncertain. Dependent demand is certain. Dependant Demand ï  ® Dependent demand: Demand for items that are subassemblies or component parts to be used in production of finished goods. ï  ® Once the independent demand is known, the dependent demand can be determined. MRP Inputs MRP Processing MRP Outputs Changes Order releases Master schedule Planned-order schedules Primary reports Bill of materials Inventory records MRP computer programs Secondary reports Exception reports Planning reports Performancecontrol reports Inventory transaction MPR Inputs ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Master Production Schedule Time-phased plan specifying timing and quantity of production for each end item. Material Requirement Planning Process c u d o Pr e e r T t u r t S e r u ct a e L i T d s e m Master Schedule Master schedule: One of three primary inputs in MRP; states which end items are to be produced, when these are needed, and in what quantities. Cumulative lead time: The sum of the lead times that sequential phases of a process require, from ordering of parts or raw materials to completion of final assembly. Planning Horizon Assembly Subassembly Fabrication Procurement 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bill-of-Materials Bill of materials (BOM): One of the three primary inputs of MRP; a listing of all of the raw materials, parts, subassemblies, and assemblies needed to produce one unit of a product. Product structure tree: Visual depiction of the requirements in a bill of materials, where all components are listed by levels. Product Structure Tree Level 0 1 Chair Leg Assembly 2 Legs (2) 3 Cross bar Seat Back Assembly Side Cross Back Rails (2) bar Supports (3) Inventory Records ï  ® ï  ® One of the three primary inputs in MRP Includes information on the status of each item by time period ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Gross requirements Scheduled receipts Amount on hand Lead times Lot sizes And more †¦ Assembly Time Chart Procurement of raw material D Fabrication of part E Subassembly A Procurement of raw material F Procurement of part C Final assembly and inspection Procurement of part H Fabrication of part G Procurement of raw material I 1 2 3 Subassembly B 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 MRP Processing ï  ® Gross requirements ï  ® Schedule receipts ï  ® Projected on hand ï  ® Net requirements ï  ® Planned-order receipts ï  ® Planned-order releases MPR Processing ï  ® Gross requirements ï  ® ï  ® Scheduled receipts ï  ® ï  ® Total expected demand Open orders scheduled to arrive Planned on hand ï  ® Expected inventory on hand at the beginning of each time period MPR Processing ï  ® Net requirements ï  ® ï  ® ï  ® Actual amount needed in each time period Planned-order receipts ï  ® Quantity expected to received at the beginning of the period ï  ® Offset by lead time Planned-order releases ï  ® Planned amount to order in each time period Updating the System ï  ® Regenerative system ï  ® ï  ® Updates MRP records periodically Net-change system ï  ® Updates MPR records continuously MRP Outputs ï  ® Planned orders - schedule indicating the amount and timing of future orders. ï  ® Order releases - Authorization for the execution of planned orders. ï  ® Changes - revisions of due dates or order quantities, or cancellations of orders. MRP Secondary Reports ï  ® Performance-control reports ï  ® Planning reports ï  ®

Free Essays on David and Bathsheba

â€Å"David and Bathsheba† Artemisia Gentileshci was a talented artist, one of the greatest of the seventeenth century. She and Viviano Codazzi and Domenico Garginio created â€Å"David and Bathsheba as an oil on canvas, dated 1636- 1637. A few things caught my eye as I entered the room of the â€Å"Old Masters† where this piece is found. One being the size of the painting and second, being the four dominant subjects within the piece, Bathsheba and her three maids. The woman with the bowl I recognized resembles a mirror image of a subject in, â€Å"The Birth of John the Baptist.† The artist pulls your eye to the front three subjects by using strict diagonal aligning and different hues and a higher intensity than the remainder of the portrait. Bathsheba is clearly the focal point. She is placed at the center of the three other women who all seem to be doing something for her; giving her a necklace, combing her hair, and preparing to wash her. Also, we can see David hidden in the background building, standing watching down on Bathsheba. â€Å"David and Bathsheba† portrays an example of each line. There are straight lines throughout the work, including the railing that runs through the piece, the different levels of the building, and the tiles on the ground. Artemisia uses curves in the arches of the building, the basin of water, and the natural shape of the human form. Each of the five subjects seems to be looking at one another creating implied lines. The artist uses contrasting hues including black and white, and the complementary colors such as orange and blue, as seen in the clothing. Gentileshci uses tinting on the basin, creating a silver shine to it. Another example of tinting is shown in Bathsheba’s body and in her clothes perhaps to stand her out as the focal point. Shading is also used, portraying a shadowy look on the floor and the maidservant. To create a darker background, the artist used hues of lower value an... Free Essays on David and Bathsheba Free Essays on David and Bathsheba â€Å"David and Bathsheba† Artemisia Gentileshci was a talented artist, one of the greatest of the seventeenth century. She and Viviano Codazzi and Domenico Garginio created â€Å"David and Bathsheba as an oil on canvas, dated 1636- 1637. A few things caught my eye as I entered the room of the â€Å"Old Masters† where this piece is found. One being the size of the painting and second, being the four dominant subjects within the piece, Bathsheba and her three maids. The woman with the bowl I recognized resembles a mirror image of a subject in, â€Å"The Birth of John the Baptist.† The artist pulls your eye to the front three subjects by using strict diagonal aligning and different hues and a higher intensity than the remainder of the portrait. Bathsheba is clearly the focal point. She is placed at the center of the three other women who all seem to be doing something for her; giving her a necklace, combing her hair, and preparing to wash her. Also, we can see David hidden in the background building, standing watching down on Bathsheba. â€Å"David and Bathsheba† portrays an example of each line. There are straight lines throughout the work, including the railing that runs through the piece, the different levels of the building, and the tiles on the ground. Artemisia uses curves in the arches of the building, the basin of water, and the natural shape of the human form. Each of the five subjects seems to be looking at one another creating implied lines. The artist uses contrasting hues including black and white, and the complementary colors such as orange and blue, as seen in the clothing. Gentileshci uses tinting on the basin, creating a silver shine to it. Another example of tinting is shown in Bathsheba’s body and in her clothes perhaps to stand her out as the focal point. Shading is also used, portraying a shadowy look on the floor and the maidservant. To create a darker background, the artist used hues of lower value an...

Switzerland Country Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Switzerland Country Analysis - Assignment Example In this regard a brief consideration of devaluation and revaluation of currency as a combat measure against strong or weak currency have been taken into account. Moreover the law of one price along with PPP has also been considered. The short fall of Big Mac index, in order to project as an accurate measurement of price level has also been discussed. The PPP of the concerned country has been measured and compared with the exchange rate of Switzerland with that of USD (US Dollar). At the end there is a brief consideration of the evolution of Swiss monetary system with special emphasis on present exchange rate arrangements and if that has anything to do with the recent financial crisis. The pivotal point of this paper revolves around the fact that whether exchange rate has anything to do with business environment? Its correlation with recent financial crisis and the inter relation between per capita purchasing power parity, exchange rate of Swiss currency with that of Euro and USD. Exc hange rate and their influence on the business activities The common notion that business activities are subject to turbulent time encounters a pause regarding exchange rate. Exchange rate fluctuations often leave severe impact on business activities and that for obvious reasons. A weak currency leads to decline of the price of the exports and decline in price obviously leads to a rise in demand of that particular product. Eventually that product occupies lion’s share of the global market. On the other hand a strong currency weakens the profit margin of the concerned country. If a company sells in a country with strong currency and pay the workers that belongs to it in weaker currency obliviously it ends up as profit maker. If a government lowers the value of its currency thus makes it weak then it is reckoned as devaluation and the opposite is called revaluation with exactly reverse consequences. This implies movement of exchange rate in an unfavorable way is detrimental to the managers of both the countries especially if there is a price war.. The unpredictability of exchange rate only adds to the risk of business environment and that ends of as a catastrophic consequence (Hollensen, 2009). The law of one Price The law of one price stands for â€Å"an identical product must have an identical price in all countries when price is expressed in a common –denominator currency. For this principle to apply products must be identical in quality and content in all countries, and must be entirely produced within each particular country† (Hollensen, 2009, p.203) This particular theory of pricing falls short of one common logic that is extremely relevant in modern world; the law of absolute and comparative advantage. In this era of globalization the law of one price indicates to self sufficiency and entirely ignores the importance of international trade. However in order to overcome this major bottleneck Big Mac Pricing has been resorted. (Hollensen , 2009) The Big Mac Price Index and its shortfall The Big Mac Price Index has derived its name from McDonald’s Big Mac. McDonald has one of the largest restaurants over the world and Big Mac is produced and sold in over 120 countries. Assuming that the company sticks to the exact material and quality, the concerned product has occupied a place where it can be

What led to the industrial revolution in Europe Essay

What led to the industrial revolution in Europe - Essay Example He also considers one of the very reasonable question that either this is a evolution of men or combination of different events. Writer sums ups his ideas as: The lust for more money and prosperity and growth with low costs as compared to the feudal system of life lead the way for industrialization of Europe. And infect the agricultural conditions in Europe were not confident enough to yield surplus amounts for the people. Then domination over the globe started on the name of trade. Mokyr, Joel. 1993. The British industrial revolution: an economic perspective. Boulder: Westview Press. The Industrial Revolution on the Continent: Germany, France, Russia 1800-1914   By W.O. Henderson Henderson in the chapter â€Å"the new masters and their women† describes about the change in lifestyle of the rural land. The introduction of the steam engine and railway tracks can be credited for the first brick in the industrial revolution. ... 1961. The industrial revolution in the eighteenth century: an outline of the beginnings of the modern factory system in England. New York: Macmillan. The nature of men is always filled with progressive ideas and innovations. The life at the start of the 18 century was also optimistic and free. At the beginning of the 18th century farming was practiced as the primary occupation throughout Europe. Feudal system ruled vast areas, in which merchants earned good amounts of money by trading the finished product of the farms to the market. The population was growing as well as the demands. End of civil wars lead an end to the feudal system which was now replaced by the monarchy system, as in Britain. Now the point was to enhance the economic growth to fulfill the growing demands. With the invention of the steam engine, the concept of ‘factory system was introduced. Young marriages and the resistance to overcome diseases increased the population growth which in turn prepared a large ma npower, an essential requirement for the factory system. Rail system was the element improving trade. The workers of cottage industry loved the new evolving idea of mechanization. England was the first among the European countries to come up with relevant industrial rules. The trade was increasing and now the people were not dependent on the autocrats. Wealth went on flourishing and England had a middle class prepared to welcome it. In the era following the 18th century the per capita increase is in a greater ratio as that of population growth. In the words of Nobel Prize winner Robert E. Lucas, Jr., "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth  ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened