Free Essays on Big Bang Theory

It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However, through many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory can best explain the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe were packed together in the primeval fireballan extremely hot dense state from which the universe rapidly expanded.1 The Big Bang was the start of time and space. The matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today the universe is st ill expanding, as astronomers have observed. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change in time. There was no beginning in the past, nor will there be change in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle. This principle says that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times. 2 It maintains the same average density of matter forever. There are observational evidences found that can prove the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. First, the redshifts of distant galaxies. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed, the more distance a galaxy is... Free Essays on Big Bang Theory Free Essays on Big Bang Theory It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However, through many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory can best explain the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe were packed together in the primeval fireballan extremely hot dense state from which the universe rapidly expanded.1 The Big Bang was the start of time and space. The matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today the universe is st ill expanding, as astronomers have observed. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change in time. There was no beginning in the past, nor will there be change in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle. This principle says that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times. 2 It maintains the same average density of matter forever. There are observational evidences found that can prove the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. First, the redshifts of distant galaxies. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed, the more distance a galaxy is...

Characteristics of a Good Editor

Characteristics of a Good Editor You dont have to work for a magazine or newspaper to benefit from the help of a good editor. Even if she seems nit-picky with her line edits, remember that the editor is on your side. A good editor addresses your writing style and creative content, among many other details. Editing styles will vary, so find an editor that gives you the safe space to be creative and make mistakes simultaneously.   The Editor and the Writer Carl Sessions Stepp, the author of Editing for Todays Newsroom, believes editors should practice restraint and refrain from immediately reshaping the content in their own images. He has advised editors to read an article all the way through, open your mind to the logic of the [writers] approach, and offer at least minimal courtesy to the professional who has dripped blood for it.   Jill Geisler of The Poynter Institute says a writer must be able to trust that an editor respects the writers ownership of a story and can resist the temptation to completely write a new and improved version. Says Geisler, Thats fixing, not coaching. ... When you fix stories by doing instant rewrites, there may be a thrill in showing off your skill. By coaching writers, you discover better ways to craft copy. Gardner Botsford of The New Yorker magazine says that a good editor is a mechanic, or craftsman, while a good writer is an artist, adding that that the less competent the writer, the louder the protests over editing. Editor As Critical Thinker Editor-in-chief Mariette DiChristina says editors must be organized, able to see the structure where it does not exist and able to identify the missing pieces or gaps in logic that bring the writing together. [M]ore than being good writers, editors must be good critical thinkers who can recognize and evaluate good writing [or who] can figure out how to make the most of the not-so-good writing. ... [A] good editor needs a sharp eye for detail, writes DiChristina.   A Quiet Conscience The legendary, shy, strong-willed editor of The New Yorker, William Shawn, wrote that it is one of the comic burdens of [an] editor not to be able to explain to anyone else exactly what he does. An editor, writes Shawn, must only counsel when the writer requests it, acting on occasion as a conscience and helping the writer in any way possible to say what he wants to say. Shawn writes that the work of a good editor, like the work of a good teacher, does not reveal itself directly; it is reflected in the accomplishments of others. A Goal-Setter Writer and editor Evelynne Kramer say the best editor is patient and always keeps in mind the long-term goals with the writer and not just what they see on the screen. Says Kramer, We can all get better at what we do, but improvement sometimes takes a lot of time and, more often than not, in fits and starts. A Partner Editor-in-chief Sally Lee says the ideal editor brings out the best in a writer and allows a writers  voice  to shine through. A good editor makes a writer feel challenged, enthusiastic and valuable. An editor is only as good as her writers, says Lee. An Enemy of Cliches Media columnist and reporter David Carr said the best editors  are the enemies  of clichà ©s and tropes, but not the overburdened writer who occasionally resorts to them. Carr stated that the perfect traits of a good editor are good judgment, an appropriate bedside manner and an ability to conjure occasional magic in the space between writer and editor.