Determination Of The Relative Composition Of a Mixture Solution Essay Example for Free

Determination Of The Relative Composition Of a Mixture Solution Essay To determine the relative composition of a mixture solution containing sodium ethane-1, 2-dioate and ethane-1, 2-dioic acid. INTRODUCTION Potassium permanganate KMn is a strong oxidizing agent which reacts with reducing agent ethanedioate ion to give and C + 2 Mn+ 16 2+8+10 Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with acid to give water . the reaction is shown with the following equation + To investigate the relative composition of the mixture solution, it has to be titrated with NaOH first with phenolphthalein as indicator and then with acidify KMn as Mn react with both compound. KMnhas to be acidified first, otherwise brown ppt of Mn is formed instead of 2 H2O + MnO4- + 3 e- à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Mn+ 4 In addition to that, the reaction solution has to be warmed to about 70 as the reaction rate is very slow. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS beaker measuring cylinder. Safety spectacles beaker conical flask pipette ,25 burette ,50, and stand wash bottle white file electrical heater sulphuric acid Potassium permanganate KMn solution Mixture solution PROCEDURE 1. 25.00of the mixture solution was transferred into a 250conical flask using a pipette rinsed by distilled water and the mixture solution 2. The burette rinsed by distilled water and NaOH is filled with NaOH 3. Titrate the mixture solution with 0.1M NaOH solotuion using phenolphthalein as indicactor 4. Until the solution turns pink, result is recorded in table 1 5. About 25.00of 1M sulphuric acid (using measuring cylinder) is added to the conical flask . 6. The mixture is then heated by electrical heater to at least 70. 7. The heated mixture is then titrated with 0.02M Potassium permanganate KMn until a permanent pink colour is observed 8. Record the result in Table2 RESULT Table 1 Titration result of mixture solution against NaOH Trial 1 2 3 Final burette reading 15.4 27.3 39.0 12.8 Initial burette Reading 3.1 15.4 27.3 1.0 Volume of NaOH Added 12.3 11.9 11.7 11.8 Mean Volume of NaOH added ( 11.7+11.8+11.9) /3 =11.8 Table 2 Titration result of mixture solution against KMn Trial 1 2 3 Final burette reading 35.0 26.4 45.5 40.6 Initial burette Reading 16.3 7.1 26.4 21.4 Volume of NaOH Added 18.7 19.3 19.1 19.2 Mean Volume of NaOH added ( 19.3+19.1+19.2) /3 =19.2 CALCUALTION Equation involved in the reaction between NaOH and mixture solution: + +Na(aq) Mole ratio of NaOH:=2:1 = =11.8/10000.1/2 =5.9xmol Molarity of = 5.9X/(25/1000) =2.36 x M + 2 Mn+ 16 2+8+10 Mole ratio of : Mn=5:2 = =519.2/10000.02/2 =9.610^-4 mol Mole of sodium ethane-1,2-dioate = 9.6x-5.91 l = 3.7 x mol Molarity of sodium ethane-1,2-dioate in mixture = 3.7 x/(25/1000) =1.48xM DISCUSSIONS CHOICE OF INDICATORS Phenolphthalein is used as indicator in the reaction between Sodium hydroxide and ethane-1, 2-dioic acid because the reaction involves a weak acid titrated against a strong alkali. REASON FOR HEATING THE MIXTURE SOLUTION The rate reaction between and Mn is very slow as there is repulsion between anion. REASON FOR HEATING MIXTURE SOLUTION IN THE CONICAL FLASK INSTEAD OF MN IN THE BURETTE Aqueous solution of Potassium permanganate KMn is unstable and can easily be decomposed. The decomposition is accelerated by heat. If it is put in the conical flask and heated, it will easily oxidize water to oxygen and the amount of KMn is therefore decreased. 4Mn 4Mn +3 In addition, if hot Potassium permanganate solution is added to the burette, it may cause expansion of burette, causing inaccurate measurement. END POINT The end-point is not very permanent because if the Mn ion is in large excess, the following reaction occur: 2 Mn+3+ 2 +4 DECOPOSITION OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE Potassium permanganate is easily decomposed and the decomposition is speed up by light, heat, acids, base, reducing agent in air such as hydrogen sulphide gas, , , and even by the end-product Therefore, it should be stored in brown bottle and should be standardized before use. ABSORPTION OF WATER BY SODIUM HYDROXIDE sodium hydroxide absorb water from air. The volume of solution increase, and hence cause a decrease in concentration, causing inaccurate calculation CONCLUSION The concentration of sodium ethane-1,2-dioate is 1.48xM while ethane-1, 2-dioic acids is 2.36 x M

Case Study Of River Severn At Caersws Environmental Sciences Essay

Case Study Of River Severn At Caersws Environmental Sciences Essay River is freshwater providing natural resources for food, recreation, energy, transportation, irrigation and drinking. However, the quality and quantity of river water have been limited due to climate change and other pollutions from sewage and food waste or farm effluent in the whole world. Moreover, other river issues which results from hydraulic principles of river have occurred frequently since the ancient civilizations in many countries, such as erosion and floods. This can not only cause destruction of life including fauna, flora and human, but also damage property like roads and bridges especially in urban areas and destroy farmlands in rural areas. Therefore, various types of techniques and practical schemes have been discovered and utilized in managing and restoring river in order to create sustainable (complex) ecosystems and protect human health and other vegetations. Take the United Kingdom for example, the largest river-River Severn, which is approximately 354 kilometres length from source that locate in the Plynlimon Mountains in West Wales to the sea (Witts, 2011), flows through several countries such as Shropshire and also has a large number of tributary rivers, which can be illustrated in Figure 1. BBC News (2011) states that it has various types of pollution and needs major restoration to comply with new European Union Legislation. However, the attractiveness of river restoration in recent years is normally following the damage of the point source of water pollution. Thus, diffuse pollution of the proposal river will be focused in the upper stretch of River Severn at Caersws and the related restoration will be introduced in the following sections. The main objective of this project is to critical analyze the potential pollution or issues of a stretch of River Severn at Caersws and to discuss the effects of restoration on local ecosystems and economy. Moreover, the several types of restoration schemes and techniques will be analysed including stream bank stabilization, enhancing riparian buffers by adding trees and natural grasses and other additional techniques. In additional, the changed hydraulics will also be explained and analyzed before restoration and afterward in this paper. Figure 1. Map of River Severn image map of the river Severn (Source: Mandy Barrow, 2011a) 2. Description of River Severn at Caersws 2.1 Site Description of the River Caersws is a small village in the upper valley of the River Severn, which can be illustrated in Figure 2 and Figure 3 (National Grid Reference SO 033 917). At Caersws the River Severn has a catchment area of 375 km2 and bankfull discharge is approximately 70 m3/sec (Williams and Rhodes, 1982). The main rock type of the proposal area is resistant rock and the bed is formed in coarse alluvial deposits (gravel and cobbles) having a mean grain size of 40mm (Haslam 1978; Williams and Rhodes, 1982). According to measurement in Figure 3, the average width of the proposal stretch of river below Caersws is around 20 metres and the length is approximately 4.2 kilometres. The aimed stretch of the river is surrounded by a large scale of farmland and green land with some trees. Figure 2. Map of the Location of River Severn at Caersws image: map (Source: Mandy Barrow, 2011b) Figure 3. The Google Map of the River Meander near the Victorian Workhouse in Caersws make-Meanders-near victorian workhouse in Caersus-google map.jpg Note: Red star shows the location of Caersws; Blue lines are boundaries of restoration; Red arrow line is the direction of the flow (Source: Google Map, 2011) 2.2 Why Restore River? It also can be seen that many meanders have been formed around Caersws as the river is flowing across low land where the water flows slower than other areas and the main erosion tends to be horizontal (sideways) which is different from the vertical erosion in mountains. As a consequence, the river has cut through a loop and an ox-bow lake has been formed in a long time period, which shows in Figure 4. As can be seen in the figure, a large number of sands are formed and the old river bed has charged, which results in the loss of local ecosystems and vegetations. For example, the uprooted trees and branches and sediments have been eroded by the force of water especially when the river is fall. To some extent, it will affect biodiversity of species, blockage of river which also related to floods and water turbidity. Furthermore, fertilizer, feaces of sheep and other chemicals from farming can be washed out into river, which can affect water quality whether in local area or downstream. On the other hand, there are some instability problems of channelization in the stretch of river as showed in Diagram 1, which results in expensive maintenance for controlling sediment and erosion in a long term. As for the principles of river management, natural development of river is more sustainable rather than control; thus, a less expensive and sustainable scheme with monitoring programme can be accepted for river restoration to achieve effective transport sediment and avoid erosion if the net value of aggradations or degradation of the river will reach nearly zero (Soar and Thorne, 2001). To sum up, it is better to restore the river bank and manage surrounding areas in sustainable methods in order to avoid potential issues of river and enhance the biodiversity of local ecosystems. Figure 4. An Example of Ox-bow Lake image: casersws (Source: Mandy Barrow, 2011c) Diagram 1. The Current Description of the River Severn at Caersws tu-1.jpg (Source: Hand Drawing by Chai, 2011) 2.3 Analysis of formation of Ox-bow Lake and Hydraulics of the River As hydraulic theory states that energy may be constant along the streamline for an ideal fluid (i.e. viscous of frictional effects are insignificant), which means the large number of energy can be created when the water dash on the river bank as the velocity of flow is zero (Chadwick, Morfett and Borthwick, 2004). Thus, hydraulic action can break down the rocks, remove and drag rocks from the bed and banks of the river by the force of the running water, especially in the extreme rainfall period because of unstable flows of great water force. Moreover, in this large stream the plants become more wispy and are confined to the sides. Based on these theories, Ox-bow Lake has been formed as the speed of river flows is faster on the outside of meander causing erosion and is slower on the inside of the meander resulting in deposition (Diagram 2). The part of the meander has been cut off and changed to Ox-bow Lake, such as point A in Diagram 1. Although other areas of the river are not forme d Ox-bow Lake at moment, they have eroded and deposited of the sites, which means the change of river channel and potential pollutions may be found in the future. This is also a reason why we need to restore the river bank and improve local ecosystem as well. Diagram 2. The Formation of Ox-bow Lake and Erosion of Meander draw1.jpgdraw2.jpgdraw3.jpg http://www.geographyhigh.connectfree.co.uk/s3riversgeoghigh26g.gif (Source: Mandy Barrow, 2011d; Geograph High, 2011) 3. Critical Analysis of River Restoration Downs (2001) mentioned that river restoration is an important activity of river management in Europe to enhance aquatic and riparian habitat, improve water quality and quantity, and facilitate human use. The River Severn at Caersws, which is a good case in point, needs to be restored because of erosion and deposition of the site. The main objective of restoration engineer includes: i) Dredging sediment in the river bank and improving the aesthetic quality of stream; ii) Protecting the bank-lines from erosion; iii) Maintaining the current level of river bank and flow regime; iv) Enhancing diversity of vegetation and sustainable of local ecosystem. The variety of schemes and techniques can be used in different point of the river in Diagram 2 to minimize aggradation or degradation and mitigate tendency of the meandering river, including regular meander path of similar meander bends, rock vortex weirs at meander crossings, riprap (stone) around bendways, and various vegetation around river bank. In the following section, the detailed planning of restoration will be explained (Diagram 3 4) and the impacts of river restoration on economy, local ecosystem and visual aspect will also be analysed. 3.1 The Restoration Plan and Hydraulic Analysis It is not necessary to change the main shape and structure of the river; however, it is possible to restore the river bank at the similar conditions in different parts such as meander bends and width. According to Diagram 1, the area A, B, and C should be focused on in the restoration as the major erosion and deposition are occurring in these areas. During the first stage, the general mechanical dredging can be used to remove damaged trees and other blockages in the river and remove hard rock and rocky materials from deposition sites to erosion sites in A, B, and C to create similar river width as possible as we can. The flow picture shows the potential mechanics used during dredging process in the development. Diagram 3. The Plan of River Restoration in A, B, and C Diagram 3.jpg (Source: Hand Drawing by Chai, 2011) Diagram 4. The Plan of River Restoration in D and E Diagram 4.jpg (Source: Hand Drawing by Chai, 2011) Secondary, a large number of soil that is suitable for grass and othe vegetation growth should be filled in the derdged site achieving the same level of surrounding fields. Then, the derdged rock should be binded together with large size of rock using meshes, which are like Gabions and placed and filled on the sites of cut banks as rock-lined embankments showed in Figure 5. Before restoration a large number of warer force washed out soil and sand from the river bank and then form the steep slop with ÃŽÂ ± (Diagram 5). However, the slop with ÃŽÂ ² (Diagram 5) will become more gently after resotration, which result in that the force of running water can be mitigated and reject bank erosion and lateral shift of planform of the river. Additionallly, Chadwick, Morfett and Borthwick (2004) stated that spiral vortex around the outside of the bend causes an asymmetrical flow pattern which tends to erode material from the region near the outside of the bend and deposit it near the insid e (Figure 6). Thus, stone riffles (vortex weirs) will be placed at meander crossings in the river to maintain the grade and to decrease meander wavelength showed in Figure 6. Consequently, both Rip-rap and weirs may not only change the wavelength of flow and the bed slop, but also maintain the stability of channel cross sections. To some extent, the landform and flow regime of the river may not be changed in a long term peroid after restoration, such as 50 years later. Figure 5. The Rip Rap of the River Restoration imagesCANNFEL4.jpgimagesCAL178I3.jpg (Source:Google Picture, 2011) Diagram 5. The Bed Slop Before and After Restoration à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¾7.jpgà ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¾5.jpg (Source: Hand Drawing by Chai, 2011) Figure 6. Current Pattern of the River Figure.jpg (Source: Chadwick, Morfett and Borthwick, 2004 Page 529) Moreover, willow spiling and faggots should be ultilised to control erosion in D and E and also to stabilise wide and shallow point bars as they are generally suitable for light erosion and may not withstand stronger forces (Environment Agency, 2010). However, the hyrdaulic will also be changed after restoration and the principle of the hydraulic change is similar to the change of that from strech A to C. According to Figure 7, the wood stick can break up the water force and wave prior to scouring of the river bank and damage the force of backwater. Faggots are normaally installed underwater to limite degradation and spiling can be applied on steep and vertical banks (Figure 7); in addition, the materials of both techniques can be sourced locally or imported to site. Take some practices in the UK for example, willow faggots and spiling have bee successfully applied sperately in the River Cam and River Skerne. Figure 7. Schematic Diagram of a Bank Protected Using Willow Faggots and Spiling http://evidence.environment-agency.gov.uk/FCERM/Libraries/SC060065_Images/4d3dc743-0a76-474b-880f-a372e4daebb4_8.sflb.ashxhttp://evidence.environment-agency.gov.uk/FCERM/Libraries/SC060065_Images/4d3dc743-0a76-474b-880f-a372e4daebb4_9.sflb.ashx (Source: Environment Agency, 2010). Furthermore, coir fibre products (Aquatic Planting), which support the growth and development of plants that physically secure the bank or shoreline (Ponds UK, 2011a), have been provided in some tree-lined areas to stabilise eroding banks. It means that the rolls can sperate and break the water force directly to the river bank in order to protect trees and further problems of the river such as blockage. Because the river is located in the low farm land and resistant rock area, verious rooted plants and other species can be established whether formed as rolls or not, including water-lilies, Canadian waterweed and water starwort, potamogeton natans, mosses, sparganium erectum, and Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum agg (Haslam and Wolseley, 1981; Haslam, 1978; Readers Digest, 1985). The coir fibre rolls are 3 metres long and normally six plants per metre (18 plants per roll) (Ponds UK, 2011a), which is illustrated in Figure 8. At the last, fences which was damaged by water force might be rep laced arround the river bank in order to keep animals (sources of pollution) far away from water body. Figure 8. The Photo of Coir Fibre Rolls http://www.pondsuk.com/wp-content/uploads/coir-rolls-and-nicospan.jpg (Source: Ponds UK, 2011a) In conclusion, verious types of techniques have been ultilised for river restoration to control erosion and deposition and improve biodiversity, such as derdging, rip-rap, vortex weirs, willow spiling and faggots, coir fibre rolls and fencing. Dredging which is the first stage of the restoration, can maintain the similar width of river bank in most parts in order to keep velocity of river flow. Rip-rap and vortex weirs can change the slop of the river bed, the length of the water waves and stability of channel cross sections to reject bank erosion and lateral shift of planform. Other options are sustaianble methods not only to cove large areas of erosion quickly but also to install aquatic vegetation where none currently exists. As a result, the hydraulics of the river after restoration will be changed and also become more stable and sutiable for renatural river. 3.2 Economy Analysis of Project IEPA (1998) stated that mechanical dredging is less expensive than hydraulic dredging in small project and usually cost from  £5 to  £20 per cubic yard including disposal. In the project, dredging is mainly utilized to move rock from the site to other site and it is hard to calculate the actual volume of dredging because of missing data; thus, the potential total cost of dredging cannot be assumed. Although there is no available cost of transporting rock from other regions, the cost effective and cheapest rock will be accepted. Ponds UK (2011b) mention that gabions (Rip-rap) are economic and well established tools for the construction of river walls revetments for river restoration project. As can be seen in Diagram 4, about 680 metres willow spiling will be placed in the river bank. It may cost  £115 per metre which is cheaper than other complex and mixed spiling (River Restoration Centre, 2011a). According to calculation, the total cost of spiling is around  £78,200. Moreover, 600 metres faggots, which are formed from local materials, will be installed in D (Diagram 4). Therfore, it is not easy to calculate the particular cost during restoration; on the other hand, the cost might be cheaper than spiling and also can be limited and saved in the operation phase. The cost of coir fibre rolls is approximately  £130 per metre (River Restoration Centre, 2011b), and 720 metres of rolls will be planted in the tree-lined bank. Thus, the total cost of the rolls is  £93,600 which is more expensive than other methods. In summary, coir fibre rolls, willow spiling and derdging are more expensive in all techniques, but the cost Rip-rap and willow faggots is sitting in the middle level and others such as fences and weirs are the cost effective options for restoration project. 3.3 The Impacts of Restoration on Local Ecosystem It is truely that every development or restraotion of river has negative and possitive impacts on environmental and social aspects whether in short or long terms. Restoration may take place in the sourrounding fields and can disturbance some normal activivties of animals and farmers, which may give occurison to pulic attention especially focused on the adverse impacts such as using private land during planning and construction processes. Therefore, the feedback of local farmers and related organizations should be collected before designing river restroation. During re-construction phase, mechancial derdging can cause adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystem as potential toxic chemicals and other contamination may be released from the bottom sediments into water body. Furthermore, it also increase water turbidity in short time period; to some extent, the change of water turbidity can affect aquatic species metabolism and interfere with spawning and water quality for ultilization especiall y in downstream regions (New World Encyclopedia, 2008). Although restroation has some adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystem and water turbidity, it is not means that restoration has no possitive impacts on local environment and water body. On one hand, restoration of the River Severn in Caersws aims to control erosion and deposition to recreate more sustainable, stable and natural river in a long term. On the other hand, it also has some benefits for local ecosystem; for example, willow spiling and faggots and coir fiber rolls can bring biological, ecological and engineering concepts together by using natural materials and growing vegetation to stabilise the river structure and flow regime and maintain natural ecosystem in the site. Moreover, a number of native wetland plants used in these techniques can make a varied physcial adaptated conditions for invertebrates, fish and wildlife in the river. It means the biodiversity of local vegetation and habitats will increase after restoration and water quality will also be improved as potential chemical pollution from frams and erosion ot the river bank can be controlled, which results in safety ultilisation of water for fauna, flora, and human. In a word, river restoration may control erosion and deposition and improve the hydraulics of river and water quality and also create a susatianble and natural river with great visual view in long terms (Diagram 3 4). 4. Conclusion The clean-up of the River Severn at Caersws illustrated why and how the river restored as natural source of water and how affect local ecosystem in the site. The more likely cause of restoration is the river erosion and deposition with continuous wavelength and water force, which will affect water turbidity and pollution in the local site and downstream. Moreover, the goals of restoration projects are often ecological in nature combined with analysis of hydrology and geomorphology of the channel. The variety types of techniques have been introduced during restoration processes, such as mechanical dredging, Rip-rap, vortex weirs, willow spiling and faggots, coir fibre rolls and fences. In a short term, restoration of the River Severn has some negative impacts on local aquatic ecosystem and water quality; for example, dredging can bring potential toxic condition and turbid water for aquatic species. However, the restoration is a sustainable activity of river management in Caersws to en hance aquatic and riparian habitat, improve water quality and hydraulics of flow regime, and control erosion and deposition of the river bank especially in long term periods. The width of river bank, wavelength, water force of damaging river bed and other flow regime will be changed after restoration programme. In conclusion, the restoration of River Severn in Caersws within suggested techniques is an effective method to redevelop the river become stable and natural in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects.

Techniques for Diagnosis of Specimen

Techniques for Diagnosis of Specimen Question 1 Describe how your laboratory would deal with this specimen? When the liver core specimen in formalin arrive at the Histology laboratory lab, the first thing that the staff would do is the specimen accessioning, which the specimen is being accessioning y labelled it with number in order to identify each of the specimen for each of the patient (Edward C., 2013). Since the specimen arrived already been fixated with formalin in order to prevent it from decaying and also at the same time try to preserve the cells and tissues to be in a â€Å"life-like† state (Rolls Geoffey, 2011). After fixation, the next step would be grossing or known as â€Å"cut-up†, in which in this case the liver specimen need to be dissect into small pieces in order to be fit into the cassettes. After the specimens being put in the cassettes, it is then being load onto the tissue processor for processing through the wax. Tissue processors are used for preparation of paraffin section (Rolls Geoffey, 2011). It will allow the specimen to be in a molten paraffin wax state after a sequence of different solvents infiltrated in the specimen (Rolls Geoffey, 2011). Embedding is the next step where after processing, the specimen is being placed in an embedding center, placed in wax filled molds after it being removed from the cassettes (Rolls Geoffey, 2011). This is the stage where the liver specimen is being carefully oriented because in order to see the abnormal area to be visible under the microscope and thus determine the plane thoroughly (Rolls Geoffey, 2011). Using the appropriate block, the specimen is filled with wax and let it solidify for a few minutes (Rolls Geoffey, 2011). A stable base has been provided for clamping in the microtome when the cassette is now filled with wax and forming as part of the block (Rolls Geoffey, 2011). Now, section cutting process can be preceded. Section cutting is been done by using the instrument called microtome by using an extremely fine steel blade (Hubscher, S., 2008). To get only a single layer of cells that is makes up the section, the paraffin sections are usually being cut at a thickness of 3 – 5  µm (Hubscher, S., 2008). Since sectioning making it in a form of ribbons since they will stick together edge to edge making it easier to picked up onto the microscopic slides on the floated sections on the surface of warm water in a flotation bath in order to flatten them (Hubscher, S., 2008). The specimen are ready for staining after a thoroughly drying (Hubscher, S., 2008). Question 2 Which specific test could be performed within your histology laboratory to assist in the diagnosis? Why did you choose these? Based on the received liver core specimen, it shows that the total iron body content is quite high which about 20gm. Thus, the most specific test to assist in the diagnosis of the iron concentration is Perl’s Prussian blue test (PPB). Perl’s Prussian blue stain is the major histochemical stain that is used to detect as well as identified the ferric iron (Fe3+) in particular tissues [4]. By the principle of hydrolysis of mineral acid, this ferric ion then is being released from the deposition of tissues, which are protein bound. Based on chemistry’s concept itself, iron in ferric state wills formed ferric ferrocyanide since it is reacted with hydrochloric acid. Thus, this makes the insoluble blue compound visible [5]. There is no colored product by ferrous ions themselves, thus their reaction cannot be seen. Within this technique, usually red in color will represents a nuclei in that particular normal cell, yellow in color for erythrocytes, deep blue stained for ferric salts and lastly, stained as blue or black for the asbestos bodies. The stain is composed of aqueous hydrochloric acid, aqueous potassium ferrocyanide and a neutral red stain[6]. Measuring 10ml of hydrochloric acid, which is about 2% in concentration, starts the staining method. Then, 2% of potassium ferrocyanide was added and ensure that the mixture mixed thoroughly by shaking hem well. Next, placed the slides on the rack for staining step and carefully filtered the solution onto the slides and leave it with that solution for about 15 minutes. Later, carefully removed the excess solution from the slides by rinsed it using the distilled water. The step continued by filtered 1% of neutral red onto the slides and leaves it for about 5 minutes. The purposed of this step is to let the slides for having the capable time so that it will be able to attach to the dye completely [7]. About 5 minutes later, thoroughly rinsed the slides by using distilled water to remove any excess dye, which has not been attached to the cells components. The washing step should not be decreased below 5 minutes as thorough washing is required to prevent a heavy dye precipitate resulting from the neutral red counterstain [8]. The slides are then are blotted by using filter papers. Quickly, the slides were rinsed in 70% of industrial methylated spirit and at the same time agitating the slide by making a slosh up and down. Then, placed the slides in absolute industrial methylated spirit (100%) and further agitated for another one to two minutes. Finally, always placed the slides mount in a DPX-type mountant since other mounting media results in fading of the stain. Again, the slides were agitated for about 2 minutes to ensure that there was no gas trapped in the slide [9]. Then, covered the slides with cover slips by placing a mountant upon the cover-slip which is to cover the section on the slide and the slide removed from DPX and then was gently touched on the side of the slide with the section to the cover slip. Question 3 What are the expected results from the staining methods you have chosen? The pattern of iron deposition can be obtain with the help of iron staining.4 The iron stain shows the features of the possible cause of excess iron in the body. 4 The degree of the iron deposition and many grading methods exist to grade the extent of deposition in the liver by using iron stain.4 The main organs that store excess of iron is the liver. Iron stored in cell in soluble compound is called ferritin while insoluble form is called hemosiderin. Only hemosiderin that can be seen using HE stain while the ferritin cannot be seen. The hemosiderin appears as coarse golden brown refractile granules. On the Perls Prussian Blue stain, the ferritin appear as a fain bluish blush and the hemosiderin appears a deep blue in color.4 Figure 1 The liver core specimen1,2 This is the result obtain from the patient’s liver core specimen. It can be seen in the Figure 1 of large blue granules mark. This is how the presence of iron in the cell. The nuclei pigment appears red and the iron pigment appears deep blue in color with the Prussian blue stain. This means there is excess of iron stored in the liver of this patient.3 For a normal human being, excess of iron is stored in the year. Increase of the ferric iron stores can be identified as Hemochromatosis. The excess iron in body can lead to increase iron store in the liver. The iron is stored in the intracellular compartment of the liver.2 Question 4 What additional non-histological tests would you recommended to the following clinican? For the additional non-histological tests, serum ferritin blood test is recommended to be used by clinician in order to detect the content of iron in patient’s body (Adams P, 2008). It is an enzyme-linked assay that can be performed on blood sample from nonfasting patient (Adams P, 2008). 70% of the total iron store in patient’s body can be found in her haemoglobin while the 20% of the total iron stored as ferritin (Hicks R, 2013). The increase or decrease of ferritin level will indicate the changing of iron level in her body (Hicks R, 2013). The normal serum ferritin level is not more that 200ng/ML in women and normal iron level in human body is about 5 gram (Hicks R, 2013). Firstly, by referring to the Figure 2, the serum ferritin blood test will be started by drawing the blood from a vein of the patient (KidsHealth , 2014). The surface of patient’s skin will be cleaned with antiseptic and the tourniquet (elastic band) is placed around the upper arm to cause blood swell in the targeted vein (KidsHealth , 2014). Then, a needle will be inserted into the targeted vein causing the blood to withdraw from the vein and collected in a syringe (KidsHealth , 2014). When the procedure is completed, the elastic band is removed from the patient’s body part (KidsHealth , 2014). When the blood has been collected in the syringe, the needle will be removed and the targeted area will be covered with cotton in purpose to stop the bleeding (Hicks R, 2013). Question 5 Provide one provisional diagnosis for the case study and one differential diagnosis (possible alternative). A provisional diagnosis is basically the first diagnosis or the working diagnosis that is made by a medical professional and it is usually not clarify as the final diagnosis[4]. This type of diagnosis is generally assign when the presenting problems meet some of the criteria for a disorder, but more information required for the accurate diagnosis and it might be modified as the patients care continues and more details of diagnosis presented[4]. Besides, the provisional diagnosis might change depending on the patients ongoing condition, his or her response to any treatments that is offered, and also the patients level of comfort with the new diagnosis. For this case the 40-year-old post-menopausal woman presents and claimed that she had a long term lethargy, loss of sex drive, abdominal pain for 2 months and discoloration of the skin. Based on the symptoms presented the most probable provisional diagnosis for her is Hemochromatosis as the symptoms presented are quite identical (Table 1). Hemochromatosis is the most common form of iron overload disease, in this cases the total iron body content recorded was 20g, where the normal iron levels for women ranges from 12 to 15.5g of hemoglobin per deciliter of blood[2]. Primary hemochromatosis or else known as hereditary hemochromatosis, is an inherited disease meanwhile, secondary hemochromatosis is caused by anemia, alcoholism, and other disorders[1]. The Hemochromatosis causes the body to absorb and store too much iron. Apart, the extra iron builds up in the bodys organs such as liver, heart and pancreas can lead to an organ damage[1]. Table 1 Patient Presented Symptoms and Hemochromatosis Symptoms Presented Symptoms Hemochromatosis Symptoms Long term lethargy Fatigue and lack of energy[1] Loss of sex drive Loss of sexual desire[1] Abdominal pain for 2 months Abdominal pain[1] Discoloration of skin Generalized darkening of skin color (Bronzing) [1] Loss of body hair[1] There is also another type of diagnosis and it is called a differential diagnosis or possible alternative. The differential diagnosis is the process of comparison among diseases exhibiting similar sign and symptoms[3]. When a patient has symptoms that are common to more than one disease or condition, the medical professional will make a list of the possibilities, and then eliminate them based on the symptoms that may not fit some of the possibilities[3]. In this case, when evaluating a patient with suspected hemochromatosis, alcoholic liver disease and multiple transfusions should also be considered[2]. Alcoholic liver disease Liver biopsy in the alcoholic disease patients may show a modest increase in iron. In contrary to patients with hemochromatosis, the hepatic iron levels alcoholic disease patients are relatively normal and iron stores are less than 4 g[2]. Multiple transfusions Hypertransfusion is performed in patients with sickle cell anemia, beta thalassemia major and also myelodysplastic syndrome[2]. Such patients may receive as many as 100 units of red blood cells, which may contain as much as 20-25 g of iron, similar to or more than the amount retained in many symptomatic patients with hereditary hemochromatosis[2]. References Mayoclinic.org. 2014. Hemochromatosis Symptoms Diseases and Conditions Mayo Clinic. [online] Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/hemochromatosis/basics/symptoms/CON-20023606 [Accessed: 26 Jan 2014]. Emedicine.medscape.com. 2014. Medscape: Medscape Access. [online] Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177216-differential [Accessed: 26 Jan 2014]. Torrey, T. 2014. differential diagnosis. [online] Available at: http://patients.about.com/od/glossary/g/diffdiagnosis.htm [Accessed: 26 Jan 2014]. Schimelpfening, N. 2014. FAQ: What Is a Provisional Diagnosis Vs. Differential Diagnosis?. [online] Available at: http://depression.about.com/od/diagnosis/f/provisional.htm [Accessed: 26 Jan 2014]. Edward C. (2013). Histotechniques. Web Path. Retrieved January 26, 2014, fromhttp://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/HISTOTCH/HISTOTCH.html Rolls Geoffey (2011). An Introduction to Specimen Preparation. Leica Biosystem. Retrieved January 26, 2014, from http://www.leicabiosystems.com/pathologyleaders/an- introduction-to-specimen-preparation/ Hubscher, S. (2008). Tissue Pathways for Liver Biopsies for the Investigation of Medical Disease and for Focal Lesions. E-med.co.il. 2014. [online] Available at: http://www.e-med.co.il/emed/new/Usersite/Presentations/Liver_Diseases/10.files/slide0014_image0 70.jpg [Accessed: 26 Jan 2014]. Library.med.utah.edu. 2014.Hepatic Pathology. [online] Available at: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LIVEHTML/LIVER018.html [Accessed: 26 Jan 2014]. Ukessays.co.uk. 2014.He stain and perls prussian blue technique. [online] Available at: http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/sciences/h-and-e-stain-and-perls-prussian-blue- technique.php [Accessed: 26 Jan 2014]. Rashmil, S. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.dako.com/index/knowledgecenter/kc_publications/kc_publications_conne ction/kc_publications_connection14.htm/28829_2010_conn14_special_stains_interpret ation_liver_biopsies_saxena.pdf Adams P (2008) Management Of Elevated Serum Ferritin Levels Journal. US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health (2008 May; 4(5):333-334. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093720, on January 27th 2014. Hicks R (2013) Ferritin blood test. Web MD. Retrieved from http://www.webmd.boots.com/a-to-z-guides/ferritin-blood-test, on January 26th 2014. KidsHealth (2014) Blood Test: Ferritin (Iron). Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/test_ferritin.html#, on January 25th 2014. References: [4] Liver Pathology, In-text: (Google Books, 2014), Bibliography: Google Books. 2014. Liver Pathology. [online] Available at: http://books.google.com.my/books?id=worDZk6fSWwCpg=PA289lpg=PA289dq=why+used+perls+prussian+blue+to+detect+ironsource=blots=4RfzVoc3O5sig=BBCSmpM1Cwt6xMxrNBwH8c5hvU4hl=ensa=Xei=AkDmUpLRC8SprAfC_4DYBwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=why used perls prussian blue to detect ironf=false [Accessed: 28 Jan 2014]. [5] Perls Prossian Blue Staining Protocol, In-text: (Ihcworld.com, 2014), Bibliography: Ihcworld.com. 2014. Perls Prossian Blue Staining Protocol. [online] Available at: http://www.ihcworld.com/_protocols/special_stains/perls_prussian_blue_ellis.htm [Accessed: 28 Jan 2014]. [6] Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, In-text: (Google Books, 2014) Bibliography: Google Books. 2014. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. [online] Available at: http://books.google.com.my/books?id=Dhn2KispfdQCpg=PA235lpg=PA235dq=why+Perls+prussian+blue+is+stain+with+1%+neutral+redsource=blots=JyrzjwVyH8sig=9Qlm0_6T31awaDEuhGSChtQz3mQhl=ensa=Xei=04LmUsb8POW7iAf9uYGgBwredir_esc=y#v=onepageq=why Perls prussian blue is stain with 1% neutral redf=false [Accessed: 28 Jan 2014]. [7] He stain and perls prussian blue technique, In-text: (Ukessays.co.uk, 2014) Bibliography: Ukessays.co.uk. 2014. He stain and perls prussian blue technique. [online] Available at: http://www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/sciences/h-and-e-stain-and-perls-prussian-blue-technique.php#ixzz2rcLX4KTJ [Accessed: 28 Jan 2014]. [8] Perls’ Technique For The Demonstration of Haemosiderin – Method and Tips, In-text: (skinpathonline, 2011), Bibliography: skinpathonline. 2011. Perls’ Technique For The Demonstration of Haemosiderin – Method and Tips. [online] Available at: http://skinpathonline.wordpress.com/2011/06/20/perls’-technique-for-the-demonstration-of-haemosiderin-–-method-and-tips/ [Accessed: 28 Jan 2014]. [9] Perls M. Nachweis von Eisenoxyd in gewissen Pigmenten. Virchov’ s Arch Pat Anat und Phsiol und Klin Med 1867; 39: 42-48. Van Gieson I. Laboratory notes of technical methods for the nervous sistem. New York Med J 1889; 50: 57-60. A.F.I.P.. Laboratory Methods in Histotechnology. Washington D.C. A.F.I.P. 1994. [ Accessed : 28 Jan 2014]

sonnet 12 :: essays research papers

1. When I do count the clock that tells the time, 2. And see the brave day sunk in hideous night; 3. When I behold the violet past prime, 4. And sable curls, all silvered o'er with white; 5. When lofty trees I see barren of leaves, 6. Which erst from heat did canopy the herd, 7. And summer's green all girded up in sheaves, 8. Borne on the bier with white and bristly beard, 9. Then of thy beauty do I question make, 10. That thou among the wastes of time must go, 11. Since sweets and beauties do themselves forsake 12. And die as fast as they see others grow; 13. And nothing 'gainst Time's scythe can make defence 14. Save breed, to brave him when he takes thee hence. This sonnet is so famous that it almost makes commentary unessential. It will always be one of the best sonnets in the history of language. The lively and rapid passage of time, which brings every thing to an end, is described, not indeed in abundance, but with such noteworthy and overwhelming effect that humanity almost stares us in the face as we read it. The logic of the lines ends with the line itself is like the ticking of a clock or the unstoppable motion of a pendulum as it swings from side to side. The importance of the placing of this sonnet here (12) (I believe it’s because of the twelve hours of the day) as well as that of the 'minute' sonnet at (60) is hard to establish, but at the very least it points to an organized hand, which, like the clock itself, measures out the chain of important events as they occur. It is true, however, that it is not clear that we have Shakespeare’s order, so this is just my opinion. As for the forms of the sonnet, we are clear that it was definitely written by Shakespeare. A sonnet is a one-stanza poem of fourteen lines, written in iambic pentameter. One means to illustrate a verse line is to speak about how many stressed and unstressed syllables are in the line. A simple grouping of syllables, some stressed, some unstressed, is called a foot. The iambic foot is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Pentameter means there are five feet in the line. "Iambic Pentameter," subsequently, means a line of ten syllables, which interchanges unstressed and stressed syllables according to the iambic measure.

Working-Class Writer Essay -- Authors

David Herbert, D.H., Lawrence published his third novel, Sons and Lovers, in 1913. The story follows the Morel family. They live in â€Å"The Bottoms†, a small mining community in England, built over the remnants of â€Å"Hell Row†. The Morel family is unhappy, because of the relationship between Walter, the father, and Gertrude, the mother. Walter drinks too much, does little to provide Gertrude with emotional satisfaction, while Gertrude feels superior, and is unhappy with the family’s social status. Searching for emotional satisfaction, Gertrude turns to her children for comfort. At first, her affection focusses on the eldest son, William, but after he become ill and dies, Gertrude shifts her attention to Paul, the youngest son. There are many parallels between the novel and Lawrence’s own personal life. Similar to the Morel’s, the Lawrence’s family lived in a working-class community in Nottinghamshire, England. Lawrence’s father, Arthur, worked in a mine, and was a drinker. Lawrence’s older brother, Ernest, passed away early in life, causing Lawrence to become the focus of Lydia’s affection. Similar with Paul and Miriam Leivers, Lawrence had an early relationship with Jessie Chambers, of whom his mother did not approve. Like Paul’s relationship with Clara Dawes, Lawrence engaged in an affair with Alice Dax, a married woman with a family. Sons and Lovers is a semi-autobiographical novel in which Lawrence draws from his own personal relationships with his parents, his childhood sweetheart, and adult lover as the basis for his fictional characters, which he ultimately uses to build the foundation for his philosophical ideas regarding industrialism and love. In the story, Walter represents the embodiment of Lawrence’s issues ... ...d Walter Morel after his father, Arthur, and Gertrude Morel on his mother, Lydia. Furthermore, Lawrence represents himself in the protagonist, Paul Morel, the son of Walter and Gertrude Morel. Works Cited Becket, Fiona. D.H. Lawrence. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. 7-8. Print. Burgess, Anthony. Flame Into Being The Life and Work of D.H. Lawrence. New York: Arbor House, 1985. 57. Print. Bergquist, Carolyn. "Lawrence's Sons And Lovers." Explicator 53.3 (1995): 167-170. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 May 2012. Kearney, Martin. Major Short Stories of D.H. Lawrence A Handbook. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1998. 97. Print. Maddox, Brenda. D.H. Lawrence The Story of a Marriage. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. 63, 78, 93. Print. Worthen, John. D.H. Lawrence The Life of an Outsider. New York: Counterpoint, 2005. 30, 83. Print.

Poem Analysis “Out, Out”

Poem Analysis: â€Å"Out, Out-† In the poem, â€Å"Out, Out-â€Å", author Robert Frost starts off his poem by giving an inanimate object, the buzzsaw, a sense of life. Using the literary device, Personification, the buzz saw is being written with characteristics a curious and rather playful child. The buzzsaw acts like once hears the young man’s mother call for supper time, that it wants to eat, so eats the young man’s hand. The buzzsaw takes (Cuts Off) the hand in a rather subtle demeanor, but in truth, it would be a very graphic to behold.Throughout the poem, everything is written in a peaceful and quite tone, even during the violent and gruesome ones to. To add to the fact of the buzzsaw is being personified in the story, the buzzsaw seems to only attack when the mother calls all for supper. The buzzsaw acts like it knows what the meaning of supper time is. Another literary device used in this poem is the process of along with the use of otomotapia(s).Using repetition first to deliver emphasis to the reader of the sounds that buzzsaw would be making, and then the actual sound being written/sounded out in an otomotapia base. The otomotapia in the story would be the grinding sounds made the buzzsaw ripping the through the poor young man’s arm. This quote from the story pretty much sums all that I describe above; â€Å"The saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and it continues about three more times over and over.The use of the sound effects gives the once playful buzzsaw a more animalistic approach, making it seem like it is hungry after hearing the key word â€Å"supper†. To conclude, the literary devices used in Robert Frost’s poem are mostly to emphasis and give life to once lifeless piece of machinery. The story, rather bloody and saddening, is a well written example of poetry and depth behind each and every letter/word. The analysis is still to be assessed, but this all gives basic underst anding as to what meant behind his more obvious literary devices.

Soccer Ritual

I had the passion to play soccer because of them and I was wanted to become as a famous player in Saudi Arabia Maxed Abdullah. From that moment my sibling and play it and like it very much. Also, we were fans to AY-Edited FCC as my father does because most of children want to become like their fathers. My father once bought for us a football, so my brother and I keep play with it and watch soccer matches to learn some skills. Furthermore, when we became good player, we start to play against my cousins and our neighbors.We won In all of games we took medallions. After that I was plan to win on my brothers and get the medallion from them to look a hero on my father eyes, so I started watch a lot soccer matches and soccer animation. I learn a lot of skills such as how to shoot by left foot, how to skip from the player, and how to pass the ball under the player and that happen when I was in second grade in elementary school. I start to collect my team from my cousins and my neighbors, so my oldest brother and I made a competition and we asked my father to Judge.So I won the game and my dad was surprised of the way I was played, so he gave me a hundred SIR is about $26 but in that time it value a lot because when my father gave us 5 RSI we feel like rich. Soccer is more than a sport; soccer player are a folk group with rituals and Informal tradition. In this research I will define a ritual and how is related to soccer. What Is a ritual? A ritual Is a particular type of tradition that many folklorist as a distinct category of folklore.Ritual are habitual actions, but they are more purposeful than customs rituals are frequently highly organized and controlled often ant to indicate or announce membership in a group. Most rituals are stylized, and highly conceptualized deeply symbolic activities that enable groups to acknowledge exemplify, and / or act out certain traditional ideas, values, and beliefs. Family and community celebrations scared and secular ceremonies, an d a variety of other structured performance include rituals.Rituals required a set of beliefs and values that group members accept and want to have reinforced. The ritual works to teach their importance by emphasizing even acting out these sales or belies like tradition in general. Rituals frequently employ symbols and metaphors to represent Important concepts. There are no clear records about who or whom Invited the soccer or the mime was, however the historian agreed that a kind of play ball was played for at least 3000 years, and that can see In China, Egypt, and Greece before modern one has developed in England.There are many rituals related to teams before they join first time. That was because they have a ritual before the game and they belief they can win the game. Especially Fabian Breather's shaved head before each game and hanging a towel on goal. Shatter is a soccer team in Khaki. Before they play the game they slaughtered a sheep to win games, however the animal rights g roup PETA .NET â€Å"strongly worded letter† to the FAA president. They do that because they feel the luck comes by this ritual.In many Muslim majority countries like Astrakhan, the ritual slaughter of a sheep is seen as bringing good fortune ahead of a major event. The meat is then often distributed among the poor. According to Shatter coach Smoky says, â€Å"Of course this tradition may have certain psychological impact on players that can help them to relax before the game. â€Å"(FOOTBALL) Slaughter a lamb has known from old centuries in many books and religions such as Islam, and Christianity. In holy Curran mention (e-*HCI 4439) that mean God command Abraham to sacrifice a sheep instead of his son Small (AY shaft 107).People sacrifice a sheep because they want to be placed by God or to forgive a sign, and some do it for the evil to make a bad thing. As Jewish and Muslim did the same thing when they have children. To be grateful to the God. Most soccer players have sup erstitions and rituals. They think they can success in their game. Superstitions can have variety things such as dirty socks, pre-game song, or a sort of pray. Also, there are funny operations like Christian Rolando has 7 1. On the bus Christian is sitting alone in the back row and he is the last one who leaves the bus 2. N the plane he sits always with Epee, and he is the first who leaves the plane 3. In the locker room at the halftime he must change his hairstyle 4. He must touch the ball before leaving the dressing room 5. In the Portugal national team he is the only Portuguese who is allowed to start off with a long-sleeve Jersey 6. On the pitch he always steps onto the right foot 7. When he scores the goal, first he is waving to his family (footballers). Sorcery Sorcery is a one of a taboo thing. Many clubs used sorcery to win the game.They used it before the game and some wear it or hang it. They do that that to blind the other team from scoring goals or they used devils to st op goalkeepers from follow the ball. According to AY hill FCC Ex player conference that he used sorcery in one of games by washing his face, and after the game he quit and went to Mecca to erase his sin. (sport kabob) In conclusion, soccer became a famous game in the world have it's on rituals and superstitions between the players, mangers, and fans. I